Objective To analyze the content validity of Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) for cerebral palsy. Methods Concept contained in each item of GMFM was determined by 3 rehabilitation physicians or therapists who evaluated with GMFM for more than 2 years. All the concepts extracted were discussed in a meeting. The terms finalized were linked to the categories of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Child and Youth version (ICF-CY) by 2 rehabilitation physicians who are familiar with the terms of ICF-CY according to the linking rules after discussion. Third party would intervene informally if there was a disagreement. The distribution of the ICF-CY categories involved were analyzed. Results 88 items from the GMFM linked to 27 categorise of 3rd level within 12 categories of 2nd level, belong to b7 Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement-related Functions and d4 Activities. 86 items linked to d4x, and 47 of then linked to b7x too. 2 items linked to b7x only. 16 items linked to the categories added to ICF-CY 16 times, involved 3 3rd level categories in a 2nd level category. Conclusion GMFM mainly focused on the activities in the framework of ICF-CY, especially the activities of changing and maintaining functional as well as the body posture and walking or moving. For the body function, the GMFM mainly focus on the support from arms.

Objective:To compare acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and their influencing factors among college students in different years in Beijing, and to provide evidence for targeted health education among college students in future.Methods: College students were selected by the stratified cluster sampling method, and a questionnaire survey was conducted among college students in year 2006 and 2016 in Beijing.The sample sizes were 1 800 and 3 001 college students, respectively.The contents of the questionnaire included: socio-demographic characteristics, AIDS related knowledge, AIDS related attitude, sex intercourse and its related risk behaviors, condom use intension, and AIDS related health education.Results: Compared with the year 2006, the average AIDS knowledge scores of college students in year 2016 dropped from 12.78±1.95 to 11.90±2.56 (t=12.91, P<0.05), and the correct answer rates of questions in the knowledge part were decreased, too.Except for belief on condom use, the college students were more negative on AIDS related attitude and self-efficacy in year 2016 than in year 2006.Among the students who had sex experience, the rates of commercial sex [17.65% (33/187) vs.6.53% (16/245), χ2=13.003, P<0.001] and the rates of homo-sexual intercourse [15.43% (29/188) vs.4.13% (10/242), χ2=16.356, P<0.001] were higher in year 2016 than in year 2006.The main way for the students seeking pornographic information was changed from books to internet (41.15%) in 2016 compared with the year 2016.In 2016, the influencing factors of intention on condom use were male (OR=0.713), self-efficacy of condom purchase (OR=0.876), never received sex education before college (OR=0.752), self-efficacy of condom use (OR=1.135), belief of condom use (OR=1.775), and attitude towards AIDS patients (OR=1.136).Conclusion: AIDS related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors among college students have been changed, AIDS related health education should be designed and improved based on new characteristics of college students.AIDS health education in colleges should pay more attention to sex attitude and sex responsibility and self-protection awareness among college students as well.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with heat-related il ness, and guide the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of heat-related il ness. METHODS: From June 2013 to August 2013, seventy patients with heat-related illness were treated at Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, and their epidemiological characteristics, laboratory results, treatment and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: In the 70 patients, 18 patients suffered from heat stroke and 52 patients from non-heat stroke. When the environmnent temperature was above 35 °C, the body temperature of the patients began to increase markedly. The patients with heat stroke were significantly older than those with non-heat stroke (P<0.05). The body temperature, heart rate, blood glucose, blood lactate dehydrogenase and blood creatine kinase in the patients with heat stroke were higher than those in the patients with non-heat stroke (P<0.05). Blood lactate dehydrogenase and blood creatine kinase were positively correlated with body temperature (r=0.801). CONCLUSION: When the environmental temperature goes above 35 °C, heat-related illness should be prevented, especially in the elderly. The body temperature, heart rate, blood glucose, blood lactate dehydrogenase and blood creatine kinase in patients with heat stroke are higher than those in patients with non-heat stroke. Blood lactate dehydrogenase and blood creatine kinase are positively correlated with body temperature, but their relationship with heat-related illness awaits further study.

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical characteristics of male urethral duplication infection and offer some guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

METHODSWe analyzed the pathological types, clinical characteristics, therapeutic processes and follow-up results of 9 cases of male urethral duplication.

RESULTSAmong the 9 cases of urethral duplication, 7 turned out to be of Type I, 1 Type II A2 and 1 Type II B. The disease courses varied from 2 to 420 days, with an average of 77.2 +/- 141.5 days. Four cases with longer disease duration were identified with a history of repeated use of various antibiotics for treatment. Their clinical manifestations varied, with the outflow of excretions or pus from the duplicate or normal urethra as the cardinal symptoms. The pathogens detected from the secretions were mainly Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Chlamydia trachomatis. The consistency rate of the same pathogens detected in the vaginal or cervical secretions from the sex partners of the patients was 87.5%. All the symptoms disappeared after a sufficient-course treatment with sensitive antibiotics, and the patients' sex partners received the same medication simultaneously. No recurrence was found during a 3-month follow-up.

CONCLUSIONUrethral duplication infection has various clinical manifestations, and thus is easily missed in diagnosis. Sufficient-course treatment with sensitive antibiotics is recommended for those that prefer conservative therapy, and their sex partners should be treated simultaneously.

Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Urethra ; microbiology ; Urethral Diseases ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEUndried silver-hydroxyapatite-titania (Ag-nHA-nTiO2) nanoparticles slurry was used to make membrane with polyamide 66 (PA66) by co-polymerization method. The purpose of this study is to test the physical and chemical characteristics and antibacterial ability.

METHODSThe morphology, chemical components and structures of the membrane were characterized by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were utilized to test the antibacterial effect.

RESULTSXRD results demonstrated that the membrane have characteristic diffraction peaks of pure hydroxyapatite (HA). A homogeneous distribution of the Ca, P, Ti and Ag element in the membrane was confirmed by EDX. Both surface and section showed porous structure which was confirmed by SEM and the average hole size was 20-30 microm. The bacteria assay reflected to the antibacterial effect, 50.10% of S. aureus and 56.31% of E. coli were killed. However, 91.84% of P. gingivalis, 90.64% of F. nucleatum and 90.49% of S. mutans were killed and pictures of SEM showed obviously fewer cells on the surface.

CONCLUSIONThe nanocomposite membrane could be one of the bioactive materials with antibacterial properties for oral guided bone regeneration technique.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bone Regeneration ; Durapatite ; Escherichia coli ; Nanocomposites ; Nylons ; Silver ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Titanium ; X-Ray Diffraction

Objective To evaluate contrast-enhanced fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging in the detection of leptomeningeal lesions.Methods Seventeen patients with a variety of leptomeningeal lesions were analyzed.The MRI protocol included un-enhanced and contrast-enhanced FLAIR images and contrast-enhanced T_1WI,Comparisons between contrast-enhanced FLAIR images and T_1WI and between un-enhanced and contrast-enhanced FLAIR images were made to determine which sequence better depicted the lesions.Results Leptomeningeal lesions showed as either diffusely or locally abnormal hyper-intensity along sulci or cistern on three sequences.Comparison between contrast-enhanced FLAIR and T_1WI showed that only contrast-enhanced FLAIR revealed the abnormalities in 7,both revealed the abnormalities but the former was superior in 2 ,and both were conspicuous in 7. In 1 patient of tuberculous meningitis,diffuse abnormalities of sulci were shown only on contrast-enhanced FLAIR, abnormalities of cisterns were shown on both sequences but the former was superior.Comparison between un- enhanced and contrast-enhanced FLAIR showed that only contrast-enhanced FLAIR revealed the abnormalities in 9,both revealed the abnormalities but the former was superior in 3,and both were conspicuous in 4. In 1 patient of tuberculous meningitis,abnormalities of cisterns were shown only on contrast-enhanced FLAIR,diffuseabnormalities of sulci were shown on both sequences but the former was superior.Conclusions Contrast-enhanced FLAIR images were superior to un-enhanced FLAIR images and contrast-enhanced T_1WI in the detection of leptomeningeal lesions. Contrast-enhanced FLAIR images are helpful and should be considered when findings on un-enhanced FLAIR images and/or contrast-enhanced T,WI are inconclusive.

Objective To further evaluate the safety and observe for unknown adverse reactions in the prelicensure trials of Anflu(split influenza virus vaccine)in children aged 6 months to 3 years old and 3 to 11 years old respectively.Methods This open clinical trial enrolled 100 healthy children in each of the two groups:6 months to 3 years old group and 3 to 11 years old group.The 6 months to 3 years group were vaccinated with two pediatric doses(0.25 ml/dose),28 days apart.The 3 to 11 years group were vaccinated with one adult dose(0.5 ml/dose).All the subjects were observed for 30 min after vaccination and had 3 follow-up visits at 24,48,72 h after vaccination. All subjects with adverse reactions were followed up till the symptoms resolved.Results The total adverse reaction rate was 6.0%(12/200).The occurrence rates of local reaction and systemic reaction were 1.0%(2/200)and 5.5%(10/200)respectively.For the younger group and older group,the adverse reaction rates were 8.0%and 4.0%respectively.Conclusion This vaccineis safe in children aged 6 months to 11 years old.

Objective To further evaluate the safety and observe for unknown adverse reactions in the prelicensure trials of Anflu(split influenza virus vaccine)in children aged 6 months to 3 years old and 3 to 11 years old respectively.Methods This open clinical trial enrolled 100 healthy children in each of the two groups:6 months to 3 years old group and 3 to 11 years old group.The 6 months to 3 years group were vaccinated with two pediatric doses(0.25 ml/dose),28 days apart.The 3 to 11 years group were vaccinated with one adult dose(0.5 ml/dose).All the subjects were observed for 30 min after vaccination and had 3 follow-up visits at 24,48,72 h after vaccination. All subjects with adverse reactions were followed up till the symptoms resolved.Results The total adverse reaction rate was 6.0%(12/200).The occurrence rates of local reaction and systemic reaction were 1.0%(2/200)and 5.5%(10/200)respectively.For the younger group and older group,the adverse reaction rates were 8.0%and 4.0%respectively.Conclusion This vaccineis safe in children aged 6 months to 11 years old.

OBJECTIVETo study a possible association between the three functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and chronic tic disorder.

METHODSGenomic DNA was isolated from the venous blood leukocytes of 84 unrelated patients with chronic tic disorder (Study group) and 100 healthy unrelated individuals (Control group). Polymorphisms of DRD4, 1240L/S, 616C/G and 521C/T, were genotyped by the allele-specific primer (ASP) PCR. Genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies were analysed by SHEsis online.

RESULTSThere were significant differences in both allele and genotype frequencies (chi(2) = 8.419, P < 0.01; chi(2) = 7.860, P < 0.05 respectively) of DRD4-616C/G between the Study and the Control groups. Haplotypic frequencies of LCT (1240L/S, 616C/G, 521C/T) in the Study group were noticeably higher than in the Control group (chi(2) = 6.371, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThere is an association between the DRD4-616C/G polymorphism and chronic tic disorder. The individuals with haplotype LCT (1240L/S, 616C/G, 521C/T) are susceptible to this disorder.

Adolescent ; Child ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Receptors, Dopamine D4 ; genetics ; Tic Disorders ; genetics

Objective To explore the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the prevention of the infectious complication in the patients with orotracheal intubation.Methods Ninety patients with orotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation were randomly divided into three groups,each with 30 cases.The oral cavities of the patients in Group A were washed with cotton balls soaked by 3％ hydrogen peroxide solution and rinsed with normal saline (0.9％ sodium chloride solution) ;those of the patients in Group B were rinsed with normal saline alone;and those of the patients in Group C were washed conventionally with cotton balls soaked by normal saline.The oral care was conducted twice daily in each group.The bacterial number in pharyngo-oral cavities,the pH values,clean degrees of oral cavities and the incidence of oral cavity infection in the three groups were observed.Results After oral care with the three methods,the bacterial number in pharyngo-oral cavities of the patients in Groups A,B and C were decreased,and respectively (306.70 ± 15.57),(436.10 ± 19.14),(762.33 ± 28.46) cfu/plate,the difference was statistically significant (F =116.5,P ＜ 0.05),and the decrease in bacterial number was most significant in Group A.The oral pH values of all the patients were increased,and were respectively (6.70 ± 0.085),(6.41 ± 0.102),(6.35 ± 0.076) in three groups,the difference was statistically significant (F=4.415,P＜0.05),and those of the patients in Group A were found to increase most significantly.The incidence of dental plaques (16.67％,40.00％,33.33％) and that of oral cavity infection (10.00％,20.00％,33.33％) did not show statistical significance (x2 =4.127,4.937,respectively; P ＞0.05).The incidence of halitosis (20.00％,43.33 ％,56.67％) showed significant differences (x2 =8.61,P ＜0.05),and the incidence of halitosis was lowest in Group A.Conclusions Washing the oral cavities with cotton balls soaked by 3％ hydrogen peroxide solution and rinsing the oral cavities with 0.9％ sodium chloride solution can prevent from the infectious complication in the patients with orotracheal intubation.