Cysts ; congenital ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Tongue Diseases ; congenital ; diagnosis ; surgery

In order to solve the problems of erratic drug absorption and low bioavailability after oral administration for poorly-water soluble drugs due to low solubility, a series of novel pharmaceutical dosage forms as solid dispersion, liposome, microemulsion, vesicle, cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and drug nanocrystal have been developed in recent years. Among which drug nanocrystal attracts more attentions for its simpler preparation method, higher drug loading and easier manufacturing technology in the design of dosage forms suitable for different administration routes. In this paper, the nanocrystals of the poorly-water soluble drugs prepared based on bottom-up and top-down technologies were introduced. The characteristics and applications of the nanocrystal-based dosage forms as suspension, tablet and capsule were also introduced and carefully evaluated with the focus on their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tissue targeted drug distribution after delivery by oral administration, intravenous injection and pulmonary inhalation. The advantages of drug nanocrystals in their therapeutics effects over the bulk drugs were discussed together with the inherent mechanism. Finally, the problems existing in basic research and scaled-up manufacture of drug nanocrystal as well as the possible ways of solution were listed out so as to make the nanocrystal-based preparations exert their maximum therapeutic effect after clinical application.

Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte ; metabolism ; CD56 Antigen ; metabolism ; Desmin ; metabolism ; Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Lymphoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rhabdomyosarcoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Sarcoma, Ewing ; metabolism ; pathology ; Testicular Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Vimentin ; metabolism

Aged ; Female ; Fibroma ; pathology ; Fibroma, Ossifying ; pathology ; Gingival Neoplasms ; pathology ; Humans

Adult ; Bile Duct Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Cholecystectomy ; methods ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hepatectomy ; methods ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Keratin-19 ; metabolism ; Keratin-7 ; metabolism ; Keratin-8 ; metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; RNA, Viral ; metabolism ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective To express the hemagglutinin of H7N9 in Pichia pastoris and analyze its immunogenicity. Methods The HA [1 -525 amino acids(aa)] of H7N9 [A/Hangzhou/1/2013(H7N9)] lacking the C-terminal transmembrane anchor-coding sequence was amplified by PCR and cloned into the expression vector pPICZαA.The plasmid pPICZ-HA7-S-was transformed into P.pastoris and the HA1-525 was detected by ELISA.Then the HA1-525 was precipitated by PEG20000.After immunization with the HA1-525 , the anti-HA7 antibody in mouse serum was detected by ELISA and hemagglutinin inhibition ( HI) test.Results The HA1-525 was expressed in P.pastoris after being induced with methanol. Western blotting confirmed that there were specific dispersion bands and the molecular weight of HA1-525 decreased to 58 × 103 after being digested by endo H.Anti-HA7 antibody was found in serum of HA1-525 immunized mice and the hemaggluti-nation-inhibition titers reached 1∶700 after the third doses.Conclusion This study shows the HA1-525 expressed in P.pastoris can induce the neutralizing antibody in mice.

To determine immune responses and immunopathology in ICOSL knockout (ICOSL KO) mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum,ICOSL- KO mice and wild-type C57BL/6J mice were used as experimental models for Schistosoma japonicum infection.The splenic lymphocytes were isolated from the mice the day before infection (0 week) as well as 4,7,12,16 and 20 weeks post infection,and stimulated with SEA for 72 hours in culture.The concentrations of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γand IL- 12) and Th2 cytokines (IL- 4,IL-10 and IL-13) in the culture supernatants were measured by sandwich ELISA.The levels of SEA-specific IgG antibody and its subtypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) were measured in mouse sera by ELISA.Pathological changes of hepatic granuloma in mice were determined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.After the infection,the levels of Th1 cytokines,IFN- γ and IL 12,in ICOSL- KO mice were higher than those in wild-type C57BL/6J mice.However,the levels of Th2 cytokines (IL- 4,IL- 10 and IL- 13) were significantly decreased in ICOSL-KO mice compared to those in wild-type C57BL/6J mice.The levels of SEA-specific IgG antibody and its subtypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) in the sera of ICOSL- KO mice were also significantly lower than those of wild -type C57BL/6J mice.Moreover,the Th2 differentiation index was lower in ICOSL- KO mice than in wild-type C57BL/6J mice at 4,7,12,16 and 20 weeks post-infection.Similarly,the ratio of IgG1/IgG2a in ICOSL-KO mice was significantly lower than that in wild- type C57BL/6J mice at 7,12 and 16 weeks post- infection.Furthermore,throughout the course of disease progression,the volume of hepatic egg granuloma in ICOSL- KO mice was significantly smaller than that in wild-type C57BL/6J mice.In conclusions,there is a substantially down-regulated Th2 immune response in ICOSL- KO mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum,thus results in an attenuated hepatic lesion caused by egg granulomas.The findings indicate that the ICOS ICOSL co-stimulatory pathway plays an important role in the hepatic egg granuloma formation of schistosomiasis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnostic value of transgastic peritoneoscopy for ascites of unknown aetiology.MethodsTransgastric peritoneoscopy was performed on 7 patients with ascites of unknown aetiology.Diagnosis and complications were both recorded.ResultsDiagnosis of all the 7 patients were confirmed after transgastric peritoneoscopy,among whom 6 ( 85.7％ ) were found to have tuberculosis peritonitis,and 1 ( 14.3％ ) with liver disease.All patients recovered after the operation.No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred.ConclusionTransgastric peritoneoscopy is a valuable diagnostic method for ascites of unknown aetiology.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for the treatment of laterally spreading tumors (LST).MethodsESD was applied to remove 32 colorectal LSTs larger than 2 cm.The characteristics of the tumors and clinical results including en bloc resection rate,procedure time,complication and recttrrence rates were retrospectively evaluated.Results The lesions ranged from 2.5 cm to 8.0 cm,with a mean diameter of 4.1 ± 2.1 cm.En bloc resection wasachieved in 29 patients (90.6％ ) with a mean operation time of 75.7 ±66.0 min.Immediate arerial bleeding occurred in 5 ( 15.6％ ) cases but was stopped successfully by clips or coagulations.Late bleeding occurred in 2 ( 6.2％ ) and perforations in 3 (9.4％ ),which were closed successfully by clips without surgery.Pathological diagnosis revealed low-grade intraepithelial dysplasia in 19 (59.4％ ),high-grade intraepithelial dysplasia in 6 ( 18.8％ ),and carcinomas in 7 (21.9％).The lesions were restricted in mucosal layer in 25 (78.1％ ),infiltrating into sm1 layer in 5 ( 15.6％ ) and sm2 layer in 2 (6.2％ ),and the later 2 were referred to surgery.Twenty patients were followed up for 3-12 months,and no local recurrence was found..ConclusionESD was an effective and safe therapy for colorectal LST larger than 2 cm.

ObjectiveTo detect the changes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with high resolution endoscopy,and to explore its diagnostic value for nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). Methods From April 2007 to January 2008, consecutive out-patients visiting the Department of Gastroenterology due to continuous or recurrent symptoms of acid reflux, heartburn, cardiac-like chest pain for at least three months and volunteer healthy controls were recruited to the study. The subjects were classified into the normal group ( n =48 ), the NERD group ( n =70), the erosive esophagitis (EE) group ( n =70), and the Barrett esophagus (BE) group ( n =48). All subjects underwent endoscopy, and the shape of Z-lines, the shape of mucosal pits, mucosa roughness above Z-line and the shape of mucosal blood vessels were observed. The NERD changes were analyzed with optimal scale. ResultsZ-line shape of NERD group showed a significant difference from that of EE and BE groups ( P ＜ 0. 01 ), which was not different from that of normal controls ( P ＞0. 01 ). The shape of mucosal pits of NERD group was different from that of EE and BE (P ＜0. 01 ), which also was not different from that of control (P＞0. 01 ). Roughness of the mucosa above Z-line of NERD group was different from other 3 groups (P ＜0. 05). And the shape of mucosal blood vessels of NERD was different from the control (P＜0. 05), but was not from two others. Features of NERD relative images were thin,straight and spiral blood vessels, bar-like pits, plat mucosa, round, smooth and wide tooth-like Z-line and mucosa of white particle hypertrophy. ConclusionHigh resolution endoscopic features of most NERD patients are cloudy, white and rough mucosal surface, with white particular hypertrophy, spiral vascular dilation, extending to Z-line. These features can be indicators of NERD.