Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with typical motor symptoms and a variety of non-motor symptoms,including neuropsychiatric symptoms,autonomic dysfunctions,abnormal sense,sleep disorders and fatigue.Studies showed that several non-motor symptoms,such as olfactory dysfunction,constipation,rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder,depression and fatigue,can occur before the onset of motor symptoms.Fatigue has been considered as one of the most disabling symptoms,and it has a significant impact on activity of daily living and quality of life,and brings heavy burdens to caregivers.However,fatigue in PD has no special biomarkers,so clinicians are lack of the recognition and intervention.Here,we will expound the prevalence,risk factors,rating scales and potential mechanism relating to neuropathology,neuroinflammation and neurobiochemistry in PD patients with fatigue.

Current resource of medical morality is in shortage.When emphasizing the exterior supervision of the government,we should put more emphasis on the exterior restricting factors which are more profound,such as the excursion of the norm to the experts,the excessive market-orientation of medical innovation,the shortage of financial devotion,the deficiency of hospital management system.To solve the above problems,a fair medical surrounding is to be built,a patients association be established,and the social honesty and credit mechanism be rebuilt.

Aim Toinvestigatetheroleofhyperglyce-mia in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury with a middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)rat model anditsmechanism.Methods EightyhealthymaleSD rats were randomly assigned into sham group, I/R group (normoglycemia),hyperglycemic I/R groupⅠ(HG1 )and hyperglycemic I/R groupⅡ(HG2 ).The cerebral I/R model was established by occluding the middle cerebral artery(MCA)in rats.Hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50% glu-cose solution.Neurological deficit was determined by Ludmila Belayev test;infarct size and brain edema were measured by TTC staining;mitophagy was ob-served by double immunofluorescent staining and elec-tron microscope.The expressions of autophagy-related proteins(LC3 and Beclin-1 )and apoptosis-related pro-teins(Cyt-C,AIF,caspase-9 and caspase-3 )were ex-aminedbyWesternblotfurtherly.Results Bloodglu-cose level was controlled at 4 mmol·L-1 (normoglyce-mia),10 mmol · L-1 (HG1 ) and 20 mmol · L-1 (HG2)respectively.There were no significant differ-ences between model group and HG1 group in neuro-logical deficit scores,infarct volume and edema size(P>0. 05 ).However,these indications in HG2 group were significantly increased compared with model group (P<0. 05 ).After 3 days of reperfusion,the level of mitophagy was significantly reduced accompanied with increased mitochondria damages in HG 2 group (P <0. 05 ),and the expressions of mitochondrial related ap-optotic proteins(Cyt-C,AIF,caspase-9 and caspase-3 ) were significantly increased accordingly compared to modelgroup.Conclusions Mildhyperglycemiacan not intensify the cerebal ischemic injury.In contrast, severe hyperglycemia significantly aggravates the brain ischemic injury by inhibiting the removal of injured mi-tochondria in a manner of mitophagy,thus amplifying the mitochondrial mediated cascade damage responses.

Abstract?AlM:To analyze the blindness causes of 1854 cases in our hospital hospitalized patients, and explore the strategy and direction of blindness prevention according to the different treatment efficacy.?METHODS: Cluster sampling was used to select from September 2010 to August 2013 in our hospital department of ophthalmology patients 5 473 cases, in which total of 1 854 cases of blind patients, accounting for 33. 88% of hospitalized patients. According to the WHO's criteria of blindness. The BCVA enacted <0. 05 or vision radius less than 10 degrees are for the blind, and the exclusion of less than 3 years old children don't cope with visual inspection of the inclusion criteria for age and cause of blindness blind patients were analyzed. To the blind to patient age and etiology were analyzed, the main cause of blindness and statistics of all ages, records of the blind patients after treatment eye sight;and calculating the blindness of the literacy rate, on the blindness through analysis of the causes of the risk treatment.?RESULTS:ln 1 854 cases of blind patients, including 728 people right-eye blinding, 767 people left-eyes blinding, 359 people total blinding, adding up to 2 213 eyes, aged from 60~80 years old were in the majority. The top three diseases resulting blindness were cataract, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. ln 2 213 blind eyes, the eyes treated were 2 172, of which 1 762 eyes ( 81. 12%) were succeeded, 410 eyes ( 18. 88%) failed. ln the failed cases, the first three diseases were diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and retinal detachment.?CONCLUSlON: ln recent years, disease etiology of blinding eye has changed, but cataracts, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma are still high incidence of blindness due, so the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and retinal detachment should be the emphasis for blindness prevention and treatment in the future.

BACKGROUND:Al ogeneic penetrating keratoplasty is the most effective method for treating corneal blindness. However, the incidence of rejections is high after keratoplasty, so it is urgent to develop an immunosuppressive drug with high efficacy and low toxicity. OBJECTIVE:To establish al ogeneic penetrating keratoplasty models and monitor the expression of tumor necrosis factor-αin blank control group and after transforming growth factor-β1 eyedrop during acute rejection period of corneal grafts. METHODS:Al ogeneic penetrating keratoplasty models were established and were randomly divided into blank control group, ciclosporin A group (1%ciclosporin A), and transforming growth factor-β1 group (1μg/ml transforming growth factor-β1 eyedrop). The medications from each group commenced at 1 day after surgery, one eyedrop once, three eyedrops per day. Al the operated eyes were given 0.3%ofloxacin ophthalmic solutions and 0.5%tropicaide ophthalmic solution, three times per day, for 12 days. The corneal grafts were harvested for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunihistochemical staining (SABC method), to detect tumor necrosis factor-αexpression in corneal grafts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that, corneal grafts were significantly thickened, a large number of histoleucocytes and lymphocytes infiltrated in the blank control group;corneal grafts showed normal thickness and no inflammatory cel s infiltrated in the transforming growth factor-β1 group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that, there were less cel s positive for tumor necrosis factor-αin the transforming growth factor-β1 group compared with the blank control group (P<0.05). Transforming growth factor-β1 eyedrops can reduce the expression of tumor necrosis factor-αin the corneal grafts during acute rejection period, and reduce the inflammatory cel s infiltration in the corneal grafts, which is probably the mechanism of transforming growth factor-β1 to prevent and treat corneal al ograft rejection.

Objective To know the effect of low level exposure of toluene on conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. Methods 60 SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, 10 in each. 4 groups were treated respectively with toluene by inspiration of 328.6, 1 026.8mg/m3, OB-impaired+toluene 328.6 mg/m3, OB-impaired+1 026.8 mg/m3 in a closed chambers for 4 weeks (5 days/week, 6 hours/day) and 2 groups were taken as the control, OB-impaired control, blank control. The addiction and the generating electricity of the OB were examined by CCP chamber and the system of PowerLab. Results Compared with the blank group, in the toluene 328.6 and 1 026.8 mg/m3 groups the time in the light chamber was longer (P

Objective:To explore the effects of Ganoderma Lucidum spore on the immunity of the immunosuppression mice with Glucocorticiods(GC).Methods:Different dosages of Ganoderma Lucidum spore were intragastriced to the immunosuppression mice with Glucocorticiods, and the weight of the immune organs and the phagocytic function of the macrophages and neutrophile,the expression in of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,CD49b+ and CD19+ in the blood cell were measured;And the total complement activity, the content of the cytokine and the valence of hemolysin in the mice serum were detected.Results:The immune function of the GC immunosuppression mice were remarkable effected with Ganoderma Lucidum spore, it could significantly increase the index of the thymus and spleen, improve the valence of hemolysin and the phagocytic function of the macrophages and neutrophile of the mice.The total complement activity, the content of the cytokine in serum,and the quantity of T,B and NK cell in the mice blood were influenced by Ganoderma Lucidum spore.Conclusion:The results show that Ganoderma Lucidum spore remarkable effect on the immunity of the immunosuppression mice with GC, and it can promote accommodation the immune function of mouse.

Objective To construct eukaryotic expression vector of antisense MBD1 gene fragment and to provide a tool for studying MBD1 gene function. Methods PCR primers were designed according to the coding sequence of MBD1 gene. Xba I and Kpn I recognition sequences and cutting sites were added to the 5' end of the sense and antisense primer respectively. The 342 bp specific PCR fragment was obtained from the cDNA of biliary tract carcinoma cell line QBC-939 using RT-PCR, the purified PCR fragment was then inserted reversely into the multiple cloning site of eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3. 1 ( + ). The constructed recombinant plasmid was identified by PCR confirmation, Xba I and Kpn I double enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. Results The 322 bp specific DNA band was obtained by PCR, Xba I and Kpn I double digestion produced a 327 bp and a 5. 4 kb DNA band which represent the inserted target gene fragment and the vector respectively. The sequencing result confirmed that the sequence of inserted fragment was correct. Conclusion The eukaryotic expression vector of antisense MBD1 gene fragment was constructed successfully by using gene cloning technique. It will be a useful tool for studying MBD1 gene function in DNA methylation and tumorigenesis.

miRNA is a kind of endogenous non-coding short RNA. Mature miRNA was formed through the process of shearing and transporting after genetic transcription. miRNA exhibits many important biological functions through regulating expression and translation of target mRNAs. Different miRNAs may act as oncogenes or antioncogenes, and have tissue specificity. The progress of the tumorigenesis is usually accompanied by expression-profile changes of miRNAs. MiRNA regulates many tumor biological behaviors such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of tumors. Furthermore, some miRNAs have clinical significance in predicting prognosis of tumor patients.

OBJECTIVETo compare the effectiveness and safety of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and transurethral enucleative resection of the prostate (TUERP) in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH).

METHODSA total of 630 BPH patients with indication of surgery were randomly assigned to receive TURP (n = 305) and TUERP (n = 325), respectively. There were no significant differences preoperatively in age, prostate volume, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and Qmax between the two groups (P > 0.05). The prostate resection rate, operation time, postoperative complications, and quality of life (QOL) of the patients were recorded and statistically analyzed.

RESULTSCompared with TURP, TUERP showed a significantly higher rate of prostate resection ([47.0 +/- 13.3] vs [60.1 +/- 12.3]%, P < 0.05), shorter operation time ([57.9 +/- 15.9] vs [40.4 +/- 14.2] min, P < 0.05), and shorter bladder irrigation time ([2.7 +/- 0.6] vs [2.2 + 1.1] d, P < 0.05). Significant differences were found between the pre- and post-operative levels of serum sodium and hemoglobin in the TURP group ([141.2 +/- 3.5 ] vs [136.9 +/- 4.7] mmol/L, P < 0.01; [137.6 +/- 8.8] vs [124.8 +/- 9.6] g/L, P < 0.01), but not in the TUERP group. Three months after operation, IPSS, QOL, and Qmax were all markedly improved in both groups (P < 0.01), but with no significant differences between the two groups (P >0.05).

CONCLUSIONTUERP is better than TURP in the treatment of BPH for its advantages of higher resection rate of the prostate, shorter operation time and bladder irrigation time, less intraoperative blood loss, fewer postoperative complications, and faster recovery.