This paper made some reflections on the development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) nephrology in recent years. It analyzed the strategic position and importance of social development in the field of prevention and treatment of diseases by TCM. Problems and puzzles on this subject had been summarized and countermeasures had been put forward. Preliminary conceptions on development strategies, goals and direction of TCM nephrology had been made.

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Based on the "Grayscales average distribution" method which equally distributes the input gray levels to output gray levels, three improved methods named: "Reduce the gray range expressed by the less significant subfields", "Low levels preset" and "Modify the exponent of inverse-gamma function" are proposed in this paper. Using these methods, the inverse-gamma relation subfields code can be obtained easily which can improve the low level expressions of AC-PDP. And a program, "gray scales distribution validate program", which can enhance the expressions of the demanded gray levels range, is also proposed in this paper.

Hepatic fibrosis is a pathological process in which excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, occurs due to an imbalance between the production and degradation of matrix. Fibrosis is the hallmark of most chronic liver diseases. It is also the major factor of the development of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Therefore, in light of the regulative factors on different levels and mechanism of fiber synthesis and degradation, antifibrotic medicine can inhibit the synthesis of matrix or increase its degradation on different links. The present situation concerning the study of the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine on hepatic fibrosis is reviewed.

Liver fibrosis can be classified as a wound-healing response to a variety of chronic stimuli,and is characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix(ECM)proteins.Hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)are presently regarded as one of the key cell types involved in the progression of liver fibrosis.Following a fibrogenic stimulus,HSC changes from a quiescent to an activated,collagen-producing cell.Each cellular response to extracelluar stimuli must be framed in a scenario.Along these lines,the identification and characterization of intracellular signaling pathways activated by different stimuli in HSCs represent a mandatory step.Drug targets which aim at the extra-cellular signals or intra-cellular cascades are required for ameliorating liver fibrosis.

Objective: To explore the relationship between CDR1 and CDR2 expression and fluconazole-resistance in clinical Candida albicans strains, so as to explore the mechanism of drug-resistance in Candida albicans. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clinical Candida albicans strains to fluconazole were determined by broth microdilution method. The total RNA of fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains were extracted, and the expression of the CDR1 and CDR2 genes was examined by real-time RT-PCR. The efflux of Rhodamine 6G was determined in the strains highly expressing CDR1 and CDR2 genes. Results: The incidences of CDR1 and (or) CDR2 overexpression in fluconazole-resistant strains were significantly higher than those in the fluconazole-sensitive stains. The efflux of Rhodamine 6G was significantly increased in the fluconazole-resistant strains when glucose was added, and overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2 were observed in theses strains. Some resistant strains showed no overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2. Conclusion: Fluconazole-resistance in clinical Candida albicans strains is related to the overexpression of ABC transporter proteins. Overexpression of ABC transporters can increase the efflux of drugs and therefore lead to drug-resistance. Other mechanisms may also participate in the development of drug resistance in the clinical Candida albicans strains.

Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality in China.Invasion and metastasis of carcinotissue is one of the main reasons for the death of patients with gastric cancer.The mechanism of gastric cancer invasion and metastasis is very complicated,containing several immunomolecules and genes.Up-or down-regulated expression of these molecules in gastric cancer invasion and metastasis means that these immunomolecules and genes play some important roles in generation and progression of gastric cancer.In this review,we introduced the structure and function of these immunomolecules and genes,and their action during the course of gastric cancer invasion and metastasis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the drug resistance and the status of producing ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from 2006 to 2007 in local district.METHODS From 2006 to 2007,110 strains of K.pneumoniae insensitive to cefoxitin were collected.The sensitiveness to 16 antibiotics were tested by K-B method and microdilution method.Genes of TEM,SHV,GES,PER,CTX-M-1,CTX-M-2,CTX-M-3,DHA and MIR-1/ACT-1 were tested by PCR.The gene transfer was detected by conjugation test.RESULTS The resistance rate of 110 K.pneumoniae strains to meropenem,imipenem,piperacillin/tazobactam,cefoperazone/sulbactam,ceftazidime and cefepime was 0-49.9%.The resistance rate to other antibiotics was 80-100%.And ESBLs production was the main result.Genes of ESBLs were CTX-M and SHV.Genes of AmpC beta-lactamases were ACT and DHA.They all could transfer the drug-resistance from plasmid to receptor bacteria.CONCLUSIONS Co-existing of ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases is the main reason of multi-drug resistance that K.pneumoniae.Transferring of drug-resistance gene leads to the spreading of drug-resistance.The drug-resistance rate of K.pneumoniae decreased during the last two years.

In this article, the author analyzed the present problems of English teaching in medical academies. Guided by the theory of language cognition and second language acquisition, the author pointed out that the cultivation of students' ability of individual study should be intensified and the development in "language intelligence" should be weighted due to its important role in solving the present problems. According to the teaching practice and relevant investigations the author offered some suggestions on contents of the courses, curriculum design and choice of textbooks.