Inflammation reaction and immune response are in-separable in the levels of system, tissue, cell and molecule. In-flammatory immune responses ( IIR) is proposed in this paper, which is defined a moderate or abnormal system responses of in-flammatory immune related cells in responding to the internal and external environment changes of body. It is described briefly that the research progresses of inflammatory immune cells ( e. g. , macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and B cells, etc. ) and non-inflammatory immune cells ( e. g. , glial cells, endothe-lial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, synovial cells and liver cells, etc. ) , and cytokines/receptor signal transduction in-volved in IIR. Moreover, the existing problems about regulating IIR drugs clinically are summarized. It is firstly put forward that soft regulation of inflammatory immune responses ( SRIIR) is a new direction of discovery and development of new drugs for the treatment of IIR related diseases.

The state of scale management,structure of hierarchy,professional institutions,educational system and degree,situation of academy and cost of medical education in developed countries was summarized in this article respectively to provide reference for our medical education reform.

Recent studies demonstrate that autistic spectrum disprders children have deficits in executive functiony, particularly the function referred response inhibition. The antisaccade task provides a new tool for direct evaluation of inhibitory function and a new way to explore the character of response inhibition in children with cognitive impairment. Researchers have used the technologies of eye movement to reveal the ability of oculomotor inhibition in children with autistic spectrum disprders, which is poorer than that of normal children.

Objective To compare the spray characteristics of domestic and foreign nasal spray delivery devices for live attenuated influenza vaccine(LAIV). Methods The particle size distribution(DV10,DV50 and DV90),the proportion of droplets smaller than 10 μm and Span of atomized particles of two brands of nasal spray delivery devices at home and abroad were measured by laser diffraction method,the spray pattern[maximum diameter(D_(max)),shortest diameter(D_(min))and ovality(D_(max)/D_(min))]and spray geometry(spray angle and width)were detected by Spray view,and the comparative analysis was performed. Results There was no significant difference in DV10,DV50,DV90 particle size distribution,proportion of droplets smaller than 10 μm and Span of atomized particles between the two kinds of domestic and foreign nasal spray delivery devices[F-values of Levene's test for equality of variances were 0. 622,0. 135,3. 067,0. 212 and 0. 058,P-values were0. 434,0. 714,0. 085,0. 647 and 0. 810,and significance(two-tailed)values of equal variances assumed were 0. 439,0. 228,0. 281,0. 539 and 0. 910,respectively];D_(max),D_(min)and ovality of the spray patterns showed no significant difference[F-values of Levene's test for equality of variances were 2. 102,2. 666 and 0. 514,P-values were 0. 158,0. 114 and0. 479,and significance(two-tailed)values of equal variances assumed were 0. 651,0. 407,and 0. 160,respectively];The geometric mean ratios of spray angle and width were 0. 92 and 0. 91,respectively,which ranged from 0. 90 to 1. 11.Conclusion Both the domestic and foreign nasal spray delivery devices meet the delivery requirement of the nasal spray LAIV,which can be used for the delivery of nasal spray vaccines and drugs.

Palmer-foot hyperhidrosis is one kind of focal hyperhidrosis, with symptoms of sweating hands or feet. Some people even have sweat dripping off their hands or feet. This article studied the views of TCM on palmer-foot hyperhidrosis, expounded the pathological and physiological relationship between palmer-foot hyperhidrosis and spleen and stomach, and proposed that clinical treatment should be based on the syndrome differentiation and treatment of spleen and stomach, which can achieve certain efficacy.

Objective To investigate the effect of renal anemia variability on the progression of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease and hemoglobin variability on the incidence of cardiovascularevents,mortality and re-hospitalization rate.Methods one hundred and twenty-three patients with chronickidney disease with stage Ⅲ-Ⅴ were enrolled in this study.The information of hemoglobin variability,creatinineclearance rate (Ccr),renal function,the incidence of cardiovascular events,mortality and rehospitalization rate,the incidence of cardiovascular events,mortality and rehospitalization rate were recorded and analyzed.ResultsThe change of hemoglobin level was (20.6 ± 10.7) g/L and Ccr change level was (16.3 ± 4.1) ml/min inpatients,and the pearson correlation coefficient was 0.82.Multiple covariance analysis showed that Ccr increaselevel was higher in CKD Ⅲ-Ⅴ period patients with hemoglobin fluctuations than that of hemoglobin stabilitypatients after adjusting smoking history,blood pressure,24 h urinary protein quantitative factors (F =7.6,9.1,4.3;P＜0.05).The incidence of cardiovascular events in patients,mortality,rehospitalization rate of hemoglobinwave group were higher than those of hemoglobin stabilizing group(x2 =26.9,5.1,10.6,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion The fluctuation of hemoglobin is able to aggravate quickly of renal function development,increasethe incidence,mortality and rehospitalization rate of cardiovascular events.

Objective To evaluate the role of PI3K-Akt-HIF-1α signaling pathway in dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of damage to the unventilated lung during one-lung ventilation (OLV) in rats.Methods Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-350 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 each) using a random number table:two-lung ventilation TLV) group,OLV + normal saline group (group OLV),OLV + dexmedetomidine group (group D),and OLV + dexmedetomidine +LY294002 group (group DL).Bilateral lungs were ventilated for 2.5 h in group TLV,and the right lung was ventilated for 2 h followed by 0.5 h TLV in the other groups.The rats were sacrificed,the left lung was removed for determination of wet to dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio),and expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) (by Western blot).Results Compared with group TLV,W/D ratio was significantly increased,the expression of p-Akt was down-regulated,and the expression of HIF-1α was up-regulated in the other three groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group OLV,W/D ratio was significantly decreased,and the expression of p-Akt and HIF-lα was up-regulated in D and DL groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group DL,W/D ratio was significantly decreased,and the expression of p-Akt and HIF-1α was up-regulated in group D (P＜0.05).Conclusion PI3K-Akt-HIF-1α signaling pathway is involved in dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of damage to the unventilated lung during OLV in rats.

Objective To evaluate the feasible hand hygiene intervention methods to improve health care workers’ (HCWs)hand hygiene compliance,and reduce healthcare-associated infection(HAI)rate.Methods The surgical department in a hospital was selected as intervention department,intervention department was conducted baseline investigation in January-February 2013,multimodel intervention measures were conducted between March 2013 and April 2014,post-intervention survey was performed by the same method as baseline survey in May-June 2014,hand hygiene of HCWs as well as occurrence of HAI between before and after intervention was compared respectively. Results After intervention,HCWs’hand hygiene compliance before and after patient contact both enhanced signifi-cantly;HCWs’hand hygiene compliance rate increased from 53.32% before intervention to 69.27% after interven-tion,the difference was significant(χ2= 26.19,P<0.001 ). HCWs’hand hygiene modes before patient contact:liquid soap plus running water before intervention(67.02% ),alcohol-based hand rub after intervention (61 .08% );HCWs’hand hygiene modes after patient contact :both liquid soap plus running water before and after intervention (86.40% and 70.41% respectively). Before intervention,hand dry method of HCWs before and after patient con-tact was by wiping with uniforms,after intervention was by wiping with paper towel. HAI in intervention depart-ment decreased from 3.08% before intervention to 2.00% after intervention,the difference was significant(χ2=7.76,P= 0.005).Conclusion Multimodel intervention measures in intervention department can effectively improve HCWs’hand hygiene compliance rate.

Hepatic fibrosis is a wound healing response to liver injury. Activated hepatic cell is thekey evidence in the pathological fibrosis,which results in synthesis of large quantities of extracellular matrix components. Cytokines secreted mostly by activated Kupffer cell were remarkabe factors which have been proposed to stimulate and inhibit the fibrosis process.The close relationship between hepatic fibrosis and cytokines has been investigated. The article summarizes some important cytokines and the cytokines which can be used as target of antifibrotic therapy.

It has been shown that two pathways of signal transduction are activated under the stimulation of cytokines , such as IL-1?TNF-? ?EGF?TGF-? ?PDGF?IGF-1, secreted by fibroblast-like synoviocytes with rheumatoid arthritis. They are receptor tyrosine kinases-Ras-MAPK pathway and non- receptor tyrosine kinases-JAK-STAT pathway. The former activation plays an important role in chronic synovitis of rheumatoid arthritis. More researches are expected to focus on G-protein-AC-cAMP signal transduction pathway and the internal relations of all kinds of pathways.