The water resource in Hanoi is increasingly polluted which influences on the accommodation and people health. Surface and ground water was serious polluted. The water drainage and sewage processing was old and can not meet the current requirements. Dust, exhaustive, waste, smoke, noise, shaking... were pollution resources. It should have solutions for this situation.
Water ; Health Resources ; Water Pollution

OBJECTIVEUsing geographic information system (GIS) and the remote sensing techniques (RS), we developed a schistosomiasis database and geographic distribution map in Zhongxiang city,Hubei province in order to display and analyze the endemic situation longitudinally after the water conservancy project is completed.

METHODSEpidemiological data of schistosomiasis and the correlated climate and hydrology data for the last 30 years were collected and the relevant GIS databases were established under Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) and network training of Landsat TM images.

RESULTSGIS database of schistosomiasis in Zhongxiang city, Hubei province and its vicinity areas were developed including 1 maps regarding the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis. The areas of snail distributing were 4.4 hm2, 8.2 hm2, 24 hm2, 130.4 hm2, 8.13 hm2 and 7.53 hm2, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe maps created by GIS database and RS techniques supported the complicated query on space and property, providing a new way in keeping,updating and analyzing available data. The techniques used should be able to provide evidence for the control of schistosomiasis to this water conservancy project.

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Databases, Factual ; Humans ; Schistosomiasis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Snails ; Water

Waterborne parasitic protozoa, particularly Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., are common causes of diarrhea and gastroenteritis worldwide. The most frequently identified source of infestation is water, and exposure involves either drinking water or recreation in swimming pools or natural bodies of water. In practice, studies on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in surface water are challenging owing to the low concentrations of these microorganisms because of dilution. In this study, a 3-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Naegleria fowleri was conducted from August 2014 to June 2016 at 5 surface water sites including 2 lakes, 1 river, and 2 water intake plants. A total of 50 water samples of 40 L were examined. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 22% of samples and Giardia cysts in 32%. Water at the 5 sampling sites was all contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts (0–36/L), Giardia cysts (0–39/L), or both. The geometric mean concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 1.14 oocysts/L and 4.62 cysts/L, respectively. Thus, effective monitoring plans must take into account the spatial and temporal parameters of contamination because they affect the prevalence and distribution of these protozoan cysts in local water resources.
Cryptosporidium ; Cryptosporidium parvum ; Diarrhea ; Drinking ; Drinking Water ; Gastroenteritis ; Giardia ; Giardia lamblia ; Lakes ; Naegleria fowleri ; Oocysts ; Prevalence ; Recreation ; Rivers ; Swimming Pools ; Water Resources ; Water

OBJECTIVETo propose measures for enhancing thermal energy utilization by analyzing drying process and operation principle of fluidized bed dryers,in order to guide optimization and upgrade of fluidized bed drying equipment.

METHODThrough a systematic analysis on drying process and operation principle of fluidized beds,the energy conservation law was adopted to calculate thermal energy of dryers. The thermal energy of fluidized bed dryers is mainly used to make up for thermal consumption of water evaporation (Qw), hot air from outlet equipment (Qe), thermal consumption for heating and drying wet materials (Qm) and heat dissipation to surroundings through hot air pipelines and cyclone separators.

RESULTEffective measures and major approaches to enhance thermal energy utilization of fluidized bed dryers were to reduce exhaust gas out by the loss of heat Qe, recycle dryer export air quantity of heat, preserve heat for dry towers, hot air pipes and cyclone separators, dehumidify clean air in inlets and reasonably control drying time and air temperature.

CONCLUSIONSuch technical parameters such air supply rate, air inlet temperature and humidity, material temperature and outlet temperature and humidity are set and controlled to effectively save energy during the drying process and reduce the production cost.

Air ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Conservation of Energy Resources ; methods ; Hot Temperature ; Humidity ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Temperature ; Water ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo recognize and assess the impact of the South-to-north Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) on the ecological environment of Xiangfan, Hubei Province, situated in the water-out area, and develop sound scientific countermeasures.

METHODSA three-layer BP network was built to simulate topology and process of the eco-economy system of Xiangfan. Historical data of ecological environmental factors and socio-economic factors as inputs, and corresponding historical data of ecosystem service value (ESV) and GDP as target outputs, were presented to train and test the network. When predicted input data after 2001 were presented to trained network as generalization sets, ESVs and GDPs of 2002, 2003, 2004... till 2050 were simulated as output in succession.

RESULTSUp to 2050, the area would have suffered an accumulative total ESV loss of RMB104.9 billion, which accounted for 37.36% of the present ESV. The coinstantaneous GDP would change asynchronously with ESV, it would go through an up-to-down process and finally lose RMB89.3 billion, which accounted for 18.71% of 2001.

CONCLUSIONSThe simulation indicates that ESV loss means damage to the capability of socio-economic sustainable development, and suggests that artificial neural networks (ANNs) provide a feasible and effective method and have an important potential in ESV modeling.

China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Models, Theoretical ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Social Conditions ; Water Supply

OBJECTIVETo define and evaluate the malaria transmission potential in the Yangtze River, following construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

METHODSSix villages, namely, Kaixian, Fengjie, Wanzhou, Fuling, Yubei, and Zigui were selected for investigating the malaria transmission potential in the reservoir. Transmission potential was estimated by mathematical modeling and evaluation of the local malaria situation. Factors that influenced the transmission potential were analyzed using Poisson regression analysis in combination with Grey Systematic Theory (based on evaluation by the Delphi method).

RESULTSIndirect fluorescent antibody data and the incidence of malaria in the local population were consistent with the malaria transmission potential calculated for the area. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between the riparian zone and the man-biting rate.

CONCLUSIONThe risk of a malaria epidemic can be forecasted using the malaria transmission potential parameters investigated here which was closely correlated with the riparian zone.

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Culicidae ; physiology ; Epidemics ; prevention & control ; Housing ; Humans ; Insect Bites and Stings ; Malaria ; epidemiology ; transmission ; Rivers ; Water Resources

Changes in Serum colloid osmotic pressure(COP), blood gas tensions, alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference(A-aDo2) and oxygen extraction ratio(O2ER) were studied after bleeding dogs (20 ml/kg) and then giving low molecular weight dextran(LMWD) infusion(20 ml/kg and additional 60ml/kg which were designated as "1x LMWD" and "4x" LMWD) respectively in twelve dogs. Colloid osmotie pressures were increased from 19+/-1.7 torr of control to 22+/-3. 1 torr after LMWD infusion and 29+/-2.4 torr after 4 x LMWD infusion, A-aD(o2) and pulmonary Qs/QT were increased from 100+/-50.5 torr and 8+/-4. 2% to 259+/-56.4 torr and 15+/-4.2% by bleeding, but returned to control level(105+/-36.3 torr, 7+/-2.4%) by 1 x LMWD infusion, and then increased. To 319+/-42.6 torr and 20+/-3.5% after 4 x LMWD infusion respectively. The mechanism of this increase may be related to metabolic acidosis(pH; 7. 309+/-0.1041) and uneven ventilation/perfusion ratio. Even though oxygen carrying capacity was decreased with progressive decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit, oxygen flux was rather increased after LMWD infusion due to marked compensatory increase in the cardiac output. Furthermore oxygen consumption and oxygen the extraction ratio were increased in parallel with the increase in cardiac output and oxygen flux, Measurement of COP can simplify the assessment of fluid balance and the cardiopulmonry status. It can serve as a prognostic indicator, and aid in prescribing the form of fluid therapycrystalloid versus colloid and diuretic therapy for critically ill patients.
Animals ; Cardiac Output ; Colloids* ; Natural Resources ; Critical Illness ; Dextrans* ; Dogs* ; Hematocrit ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Molecular Weight ; Osmotic Pressure* ; Oxygen Consumption ; Oxygen* ; Water-Electrolyte Balance

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the quality difference between Coptis chinensis planted with ecological techniques and shelf planted Coptis chinensis.

METHODSUltraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, alcohol extract mensuration, moisture mensuration, and ash mensuration were used to determine the contents of total alkaloids, alcohol extract, water, and total ash of Coptis chinensis, which were planted in shelf, Rhus chinensis wood, M mulbery wood, corn wood, Magnolia officinalis wood, fruiter wood, shading net, and firry wood, respectively.

RESULTSThe contents of total alkaloids and alcohol extract of Coptis chinensis Table planted with ecological techniques were higher than those of Coptis chinensis planted in shelf. The contents of water and total ash were less than 12% and 5%, respectively, which met the provisions of the pharmacopoeia.

CONCLUSIONThe quality of Coptis chinensis planted with ecological techniques is similar to that of Coptis chinensis planted in shelf. These ecological techniques for Coptis chinensis have become mature and practical.

Agriculture ; methods ; Alkaloids ; analysis ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Coptis ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Ecosystem ; Forestry ; methods ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Quality Control ; Water ; analysis

The environmental health goals that are directly and indirectly related with the health goals of the Sustainable Development Goals are connected with the goals and targets of Goal 6 (clean water and sanitation), Goal 7 (affordable and clean energy), Goal 11 (sustainable cities and communities), Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production), Goal 13 (climate action), Goal 14 (life below water), Goal 15 (life on land) and Goal 16 (peace, justice and strong institutions). For example, air pollution can cause such non-communicable diseases as lung cancer and increase the risk of acute respiratory diseases. The World Health Organization reported in 2016 that, in 2012, around 8,710,000 people had died in the world due to the pollution of drinking water, waters and soil, along with inadequate sanitary facilities and services. The World Health Organization also reported that around 4.3 million people had died of ischemic heart diseases, strokes, chronic lung diseases, lung cancer and pediatric pneumonia due to inefficient energy use when cooking at home. These figures show the importance of environmental factors in relation to health. When policy makers carry forward goals and policy measures focused on diseases in consideration of associations among related areas, there is insufficient access to necessary knowledge, means and technologies. Korea has to determine the level and scope for developing a domestic implementation index, while developing a monitoring index in relation to the global index. Consequently, comprehensive achievement of the health goals of Sustainable Development Goal at home and abroad requires a cross-sectoral approach involving comprehensive participation by all stakeholders including the state, corporations and civil society to overcome the segmentalization of goals, beyond improving the existing policies.
Administrative Personnel ; Air Pollution ; Conservation of Natural Resources* ; Cooking ; Drinking Water ; Environmental Health ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung Diseases ; Lung Neoplasms ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Pneumonia ; Social Justice ; Soil ; Stroke ; United Nations ; Water ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUND: Environmentally induced, occupational diseases are increasing worldwide, especially in rural agricultural communities. Poverty-associated malnutrition, environmental hazards and pollution, and lack of access to clean water, safe sanitation, and modern healthcare facilities are often associated with these chronic illnesses. METHOD: The authors systematically reviewed occupational public health issues that have been related to the environment. General interpretations of results were included as per the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Pertinent publications from research databases were reviewed on (A) the risk–benefits, (B) the prevalence of risk factors for various diseases, (C) the benefits of not ignoring the risk factors (i.e., broader evidence), and (D) the risks, effects, and outcomes of different types of interventions. The authors used chronic kidney disease of multifactorial origin (CKDmfo) as an example to explore the theme. Emphasis was given to the regions with emerging economies and developing countries located in the vicinity of the equator. FINDINGS: Geographical, socio-economic and aetiological similarities exist for many chronic non-communicable diseases that are affecting tropical countries around the equator. The authors identified manufacturing, mining, and agriculture as the biggest polluters of the environment. In addition, deforestation and associated soil erosion, overuse of agrochemicals, and irresponsible factory discharge (e.g., chemicals and paint, from rubber and textile factories, etc.), all contribute to pollution. To decrease the escalating incidences of environmentally induced diseases, governments should work proactively to protect the environment, especially watersheds, and take steps to minimise harmful occupational exposures and strictly enforce environmental regulations. CONCLUSION: Creating public awareness of environmental issues and their relationship to public health is essential. This includes regular monitoring and periodic publication of the quality of water, air and soil; preventing deforestation and man-made soil erosion, increasing forest and ground cover, preventing occupational injuries, judicious and safe use of agrochemicals, sustainable agriculture and development programs, and implementing legislation to protect and conserve water heriage and the environment. These actions are essential both for a healthier environment and for the health of the people who live in that environment. Such measures would also decrease public health threats from such, including global-warming-related erratic environmental changes and the occurrence and the spread of non-communicable diseases, such as CKDmfo.
Agriculture ; Agrochemicals ; Chronic Disease ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Delivery of Health Care ; Developing Countries ; Forests ; Incidence ; Kidney Diseases ; Malnutrition ; Methods ; Mining ; Mortality, Premature ; Occupational Diseases* ; Occupational Exposure ; Occupational Injuries ; Paint ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Publications ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic* ; Risk Factors ; Rubber ; Sanitation ; Social Control, Formal ; Soil ; Textiles ; Water