The stochastic profile of variability of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (D0) in the Han River has been considered with Streeter-Phelp's equation. According to the nature of the Han River, the BOD removal coefficient, K1, and the reaeration coefficient, K2 values, were calculated at an average of 0.157 and 0.97 respectively at 20 degrees C in the spring. Where the levels of BOD would be high in relation to the standard of water quality, the treatment for sewage and industrial wastes from tributaries of Seoul City should be performed with proper efficiency. Before 1985 plants with 90% efficiency should be installed at every outlet of the tributaries. The level of DO is not a relevant parameter to assess the pollution in the Han River. The description of the oxygen profile of the Han River also suggests monitoring points for inspection of water quality.
Fresh Water/analysis* ; Korea ; Models, Chemical ; Oxygen/analysis* ; Water/analysis* ; Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis

For drinking water security the German waterworks proceed on a comprehensive concept, i.e., the protection of all the regions from the recharge area to the client. It includes the protection of the recharge area by a precautionary management, a safe water treatment, a strict maintenance of the water distribution network, continuous control and an intensive training of staff. Groundwater protection zones together with effective regulations and control play a very important role. Three protection zones with different restrictions in land-use are distinguished. Water in reservoirs and lakes is also protected by Surface Water Protection Zones. Within the surrounding area the land-use is controlled, too. Special treatment is necessary if acidification happens caused by acid rain, or eutrophication caused by the inflow of sewage. Very important is the collaboration between waterworks and the farmers cultivating land in the recharge area in order to execute water-protecting ecological farming with the aim to reduce the application of fertilizers and plant protection agents. Probable financial losses have to be compensated by the waterworks.
Ecology ; Germany ; Water Pollutants ; isolation & purification ; Water Pollution ; prevention & control ; Water Purification ; methods ; Water Supply ; analysis

The water quality simulatin of the Han River was performed by computer-aided design methods using interactive computer graphic routine. The model used to simulate water quality in the Han River was based upon the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's QUAL-II program. The constituents which were simulated include temperature, conservative substances, coliform bacteria, BOD and DO. Discretization of the model over space was done using the Galerkin finite element method. Data input requirements for the model included rate constants, meteorological data, and headwater, point and non-point source concentrations. The point and non-point source waste loadings were assumed to be constant over time. Several options for dealing with simulation results were available. These included listings or graphs showing the concentration values by constituent, either for all sites at one point in time, or for one site at all times. By merging spatial and temporal data, a three-dimensional surface of concentration as a function of site location and time of day could be plotted for any constituent. A pictoral display of water quality throuthout the Han River, using various colors to indicate different concentrations of constituents or degrees of temperature, also is possible. Water quality profiles of the Han River were developed using 1981 waste loadings. These results were compared to observed data in order to determine the best values for model parameters. Calibration of the model was aided by the interactive use of statistical tests, including linear regression analysis and t-tests of two means. Using estimates of population and industrial growth for the Han River Basin, simulations for expected 1986 and 1991 conditions were undertaken. Results indicate that without increased investments in wastewater treatment facilities and associated collection systems, most of the river will contain BOD concentratins which greatly exceed the maximum 6 ppm allowed. In addition, the numbber of coliform bacteria will be substantially more than the maximum permitted number, 10,000 MPN/100 ml, for water supply sources requiring highest levels of treatment. These results also suggest where monitoring statins should be established, and where proper management practices will have the greatest impact on controlling the extent of river pollution resulting from the discharge of waste effuent from urban communities, industries, and agricultural land along the Han River.
Computers ; Data Display ; Korea ; Models, Theoretical ; Water Pollution/analysis ; Water Supply/standards*

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the value of statistical life (VSL) and health damage cost on theoretical mortality estimates due to environmental pollution. METHODS: We assessed the health risk on three environmental problems and eight sub-problems. Willingness to pay (WTP) was elucidated from a questionnaire survey with dichotomous contingent valuation method and VSL (which is the division of WTP by the change of risk reduction) calculated from WTP. Damage costs were estimated by multiplying VSL by the theoretical mortality estimates. RESULTS: VSLs from death caused by air pollution, indoor air pollution and drinking water contamination were about 0.3, 0.5 and 0.3 billion won, respectively. Damage costs of particulate matters (PM10) and radon were higher in the sub-problems and were above 100 billion won. Because damage cost depends on theoretical mortality estimate and WTP, its uncertainty is reduced in the estimating process. CONCLUSION: Health damage cost or risk benefit should be considered as one scientific criterion for decision making in environmental policy.
Air Pollution ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Decision Making ; Drinking Water ; Environmental Policy ; Environmental Pollution ; Methods ; Mortality* ; Radon ; Risk Assessment ; Uncertainty

OBJECTIVEThis study was to understand the status of pollution on drinking water, by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), among rural residents living in the basin of Huaihe River. Relationship between the morbidity, morbidity of cancers and VOCs were also explored.

METHODS28 villages were chosen from Xuyi,Jinhu, Chuzhou along the Huaihe River, with water samples collected from ditch pond water, shallow wells, deep wells in November-December 2010. VOCs indicators were evaluated according to the Standard Quality GB 5749-2006 for Drinking Water.

RESULTSMethylene chloride, chloroform, benzene and carbon tetrachloride were all detected in 76 water samples. The rates of chloroform, benzene, carbon tetrachloride which exceeding the quality standards were 3.95% , 21.05% and 22.37% , but no significant differences were found among these three water resources in chloroform, benzene or carbon tetrachloride. Results from the correlation analysis showed that benzene had positive correlation with tumor deaths (r = 0.24, P < 0.05). Results from the risk assessment on health showed that some chloroform, benzene, carbon tetrachloride products which were related to the risks of cancers were exceeding the acceptable ranges of risk, with the rates as 28.95%, 22.37% and 64.47% but with no significant differences among the three water resources (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDrinking waters for rural residents along the Huaihe River were polluted while VOCs might have related to tumor incidence with potential impact and risk to the health of local residents.

China ; Drinking Water ; chemistry ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; Rural Health ; statistics & numerical data ; Volatile Organic Compounds ; adverse effects ; analysis ; Water Pollution, Chemical ; adverse effects ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo explore the association between mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma and the distance from Suihe River in Lingbi county, Suzhou, Anhui province.

METHODSUsing the disease mapping and spatial statistical analysis techniques,we described the spatial distributions of the mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma from 2005 to 2010 in Lingbi county. Taking the distance between villages and polluted rivers as proxy variable of environmental exposure, mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma in each village as dependant variable, and using the Glimmix model and Bayesian spatial model (BYM) to undertake the univariate and multivariate analysis, we investigatived the association between mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma and the water pollution of Suihe River in Lingbi county.

RESULTSObvious clustering of high mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma along the polluted river was observed in Lingbi county. Results of Glimmix model showed that whether spatial autocorrelation was considered or not, closer to the polluted river has higher mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma. Results of univariate analysis of the BYM model showed that, compared with the villages far from the polluted river more than 12 km (the mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma was 33.12/100 000(1068/3 224 562) ), the RR values of the hepatic carcinoma mortality was 1.38(95%CI:1.06-1.82) for the villages apart from the polluted river within 6 km (the mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma was 42.48/100 000(777/1 829 064)), and 1.13 (95%CI:0.92-1.39) for villages apart from the river between 6 and 12 km (the mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma was 35.65/100 000(651/1 825 848)). In the BYM model multivariate analysis, adding the volume of fertilizer and pesticides used per cultivated area, GDP per capita to do multivariate analysis were, the relation between mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma and distance from polluted rivers remains unchanged.

CONCLUSIONThe mortality rate of hepatic carcinoma was associated with the exposure to the polluted river in Lingbi county. The polluted river may increase the hepatic carcinoma mortality of nearby residents.

Bayes Theorem ; China ; epidemiology ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Male ; Rivers ; Spatial Analysis ; Water Pollution

OBJECTIVETo analyze the characteristics of Sequence-based Typing (SBT) of the Serotype 1 Legionella pneumophila (Lp1) isolated from environmental water in China, and then create a preliminary database.

METHODSA total of 82 strains of Lp1 isolated from environmental water in 9 provinces of China between 2005 and 2008 were genotyped by SBT method and Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) method. The results of the two different typing methods were then compared by cluster analysis, adopting BioNumerics version 5.1 software.

RESULTSBy SBT method, the 82 strains of Lp1 were divided into 22 ST types, of which 17 new types and one new allele was discovered. The dominant type was ST-1 type, found in 8 provinces, accounting for 46.3% (38/82). ST-1, ST-150, ST-154, ST-159, ST-160 and ST-630 types were found in more than 2 isolated-sites; while more than 2 different ST types were found in 5 isolated-sites, as site B4, B5, B6, S3 and S8. In cluster analysis, 15 ST types were grouped into three complexes (ST-1 complex, ST-154 complex and ST-149 complex); and the other 7 ST types were not assigned complex. By PFGE method, 46 banding patterns were observed. As a result of the combination of the two methods, the 82 isolates strains could be divided into 54 molecular types, which showed a reliable accordance in the cluster analysis between the two methods.

CONCLUSIONThe SBT of the Lp1 in environmental water in China was unique. From the study, a preliminary SBT database was set up.

China ; Cluster Analysis ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Genotype ; Legionella pneumophila ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Serotyping ; methods ; Water Pollution

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of the polluted SY River on children's growth and sex hormones, and provide scientific data for assessment of the polluted status of the SY River.

METHODSThe study areas were selected randomly from the SY River Basin. Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), phthalates (DEP, DBP, DMP, DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured both in the river water and in the drinking water. School children were selected by cluster sampling (n=154). Physical development indexes (height, weight, bust-circumference, and skinfold thickness) and sex hormones [testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2)] were measured for all the children.

RESULTSThe contents of Pb and Hg exceeded Class V standards of surface water quality in each section of the river and other indicators exceeded Class III. Compared to the control area, the concentrations of Pb, Hg, As, BPA, DEP, and DBP in the drinking water were significantly higher than in the polluted area (P<0.05). Children from the control area had significantly lower E2 and T than children from the polluted area (P<0.05). Among anthropometric results, only skinfold thickness had statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05), while the other indexes showed no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe drinking water has been polluted by the SY River and affected serum sex hormone levels of children living in the polluted area.

Adolescent ; Adolescent Development ; drug effects ; Child ; Child Development ; drug effects ; China ; Female ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Rivers ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; toxicity ; Water Pollution, Chemical ; adverse effects ; Water Supply ; analysis

The HPLC and TLC retention, n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow), bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicity data of 29 heteroatomic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 7 parent polycyclic aromatics were determined experimentally. For the same set of compounds, molecular weights, fragmental log Kow values, and molecular connectivities were calculated. Quantitation of the mathematical relationships between the variables was used to validate the predictive potential of various parameters. The importance of log Kow in predictive studies is highlighted. It is concluded that the internal concentration of a pollutant in the organism should be used as a parameter in future QSAR work.
1-Octanol ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Daphnia ; drug effects ; Ecology ; Environmental Pollution ; prevention & control ; Octanols ; Photobacterium ; drug effects ; Poecilia ; metabolism ; Polycyclic Compounds ; metabolism ; toxicity ; Regression Analysis ; Solubility ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Water