In vision research, the monkey training for fixation is indispensible for the data acquisition. The authors introduce the improved method to shorten the training period for the monkeys and examine the factors affecting the performance of the trained monkey. We introduce two new concepts. One is the minimal reaction time which can evaluate more accurate success rate(%), and the other is the % variation of bright light period which can control the difficulty of training and ensure the fixation of monkey substantially. It took an average of 72 days to train the monkeys. The factors affecting the performance of the trained monkey are the bright light period, the dim light period, the variation of the bright light period, and water deprivation. Our training procedures with minor modification were effective and easy to reach end point of training. If further training for the detailed experiment is needed in these monkeys, these can be achieved by properly controlling these factors.
Haplorhini* ; Macaca* ; Reaction Time ; Water Deprivation

We describe a case of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with severe dilatation of bilateral urinary tracts without anatomical obstructions. Functional obstruction can be occurred when polyuria surpasses the transporting ability of urine in the urinary tract. The patient was admitted to our hospital due to decreased mentality developed after traffic accident. On radiologic study, bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter were noted. Because the patient excreted copious dilute urine, we performed water deprivation test and the result was consistent with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. We are presenting this case in an attempt to describe strong association between congenital diabetes insipidus and nonobstructive hydronephrosis in which polyuria is responsible for the hydronephrosis.
Accidents, Traffic ; Diabetes Insipidus ; Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic* ; Dilatation ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis* ; Polyuria ; Urinary Tract ; Water Deprivation

Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare disorder of the kidney characterized by the in ability to concentrate urine despite normal or elevated plasma concentration of the antidiuretic hormone agent vasopressin (AVP). We describe a case of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus presenting with mild fever . The 3-day-old baby boy was admitted with mild fever. He has 6 members with DI in his family and his laboratoty finding showed hypernatremia, increased serum osmolarity and low level of urine specific gravity. Throughout the water deprivation test and the vasopressin test, he has been diagnosed as congenital NDI. Urinary free water loss was improved after treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and low salt formula. At the age 4 months, the infant has demonstrated normal growth and neurodevelopmental milestones. An early diagnosis of congenital NDI is very important, since the proper adequate management can prevent hyperosmolarity which might induce the delayed mental and physical development.
Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic* ; Early Diagnosis ; Fever* ; Humans ; Hydrochlorothiazide ; Hypernatremia ; Infant ; Kidney ; Male ; Osmolar Concentration ; Plasma ; Specific Gravity ; Vasopressins ; Water Deprivation

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease entity in which various tissue are infiltrated by proliferating histiocytes. Involvement of alimentary tract is rare (<5%), especially in the stomach. Only seven cases of gastric Langerhans cell histiocytosis have been reported in Enlglish literature. Diabetes insipidus is the most common endocrinologic complication. We report a case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving stomach and pituitary stalk. The diagnosis of gastric Langerhans cell histiocytosis and diabetes insipidus was based on gastric mucosal biopsy specimen from a Korean man with suspicious hypertrophic gastric folds of gastric body, water deprivation test and sella MRI.
Biopsy ; Diabetes Insipidus ; Diagnosis ; Histiocytes ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pituitary Gland ; Rare Diseases ; Stomach ; Water Deprivation

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) can cause nonobstructive hydronephrosis. Congenital NDI (CNDI) is caused by a genetic mutation. This case report presents a 12-year-old girl who was incidentally diagnosed with nonobstructive hydronephrosis due to NDI caused by AQP2 gene mutation after being evaluated for microscopic hematuria found on routine health examination at school. The patient's medical and family history was unremarkable, and she complained of nocturia only at the time of the clinic visit. Bilateral hydronephrosis on abdominal ultrasonography prompted a water deprivation test, leading to diagnosis of NDI. Genetic study confirmed p.Asn (AAC)123Ser (AGC) in exon 2 of the AQP2 gene. Polyuria and hydronephrosis improved following arginine-vasopressin therapy. CNDI responsive to treatment should be considered as a possible cause of nonobstructive hydroureter.
Ambulatory Care ; Child ; Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic* ; Diagnosis ; Exons ; Female ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis* ; Nocturia ; Polyuria ; Ultrasonography ; Water Deprivation

A case of a 37 year-old man of congenital diabetes insipidus is reported. He complained of polydipsia, which began from his youth, drinking about 10 L of water every day. He didn't look ill or mentally retarded. In his family, his only brother has shown similar symptoms and his older sister had no symptom. On radiologic study, both kidneys showed severe hydronephrosis and the bladder was markedly distended. Water deprivation test was performed. The result was consistent with diabetes insipidus and the urine osmolality didn't respond to antidiuretic hormone injection, and he was diagnosed as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. We began to treat him with thiazide and amiloride. The amount of water he's been drinking daily has decreased to 3-4 L per day. We discuss this case with a brief review of literature.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Amiloride ; Diabetes Insipidus ; Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic* ; Drinking ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Kidney ; Mentally Disabled Persons ; Osmolar Concentration ; Polydipsia ; Siblings ; Urinary Bladder ; Water ; Water Deprivation

Central diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease caused by insufficient release of antidiuretic hormone. Central DI with lung cancer is very rare. Most of them are caused by the pituitary metastasis, and rarely, by the paraneoplastic syndromes. Central DI is diagnosed by the water deprivation test. The treatment consists of surgical resection, radiotherapy and administration of desmopressin. We report an unusual case of central DI with non-small cell lung cancer. The diagnosis was confirmed by water deprivation test. After the administration of desmopressin, the urine osmolarity was increased. The patient's symptoms and urine osmolarity were improved by intranasal desmopressin.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin ; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osmolar Concentration ; Paraneoplastic Syndromes ; Radiotherapy ; Water Deprivation

A 12-year-old spayed female Yorkshire terrier dog was presented with two-weeks history of lethargy, mental dullness and polydipsia. Neurologic examination revealed proprioceptive defect of all limbs and loss of swallowing gag reflex. The dog revealed persistent dehydration, hypernatremia, hyperosmolarity and hyposthenuria. On magnetic resornance imaging (MRI), the mass were heterogeneous signality on T1 weighted images, hyperintense signality on T2 weighted image with contrast enhancement on hypothalamohypophyseal lesion. Based on these findings, the dog was suspected as having pituitary gland tumor. Through water deprivation test and response to desmopressin acetate (1-deamino-8-D-arginine, DDAVP), this case was diagnosed by central diabetes insipidus (CDI). This paper reports the clinical sign, MRI, response to the exogenous antidiuretic hormone of CDI due to suspected pituitary tumor in a dog and DDAVP administration was evaluated effective therapy to correct hypernatremia induced by CDI.
Animals ; Child ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin ; Deglutition ; Dehydration ; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic ; Dogs ; Extremities ; Female ; Humans ; Hypernatremia ; Lethargy ; Magnetics ; Magnets ; Neurologic Examination ; Pituitary Gland ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; Polydipsia ; Reflex ; Water Deprivation

PURPOSE: The therapeutic effects of imipramine and DDAVP in primary monosymptomatic enuretic children were compared using a randomized, prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study subjects consisted of 23 children, with a mean age of 7.9 years, complaining of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Baseline evaluations, at the first visit, included voiding diary, enuresis diary, uroflowmetry, urine osmolality, and urine and serum osmolality after a water deprivation test and electrocardiography. After the administration of medication, the changes in the enuretic episodes and adverse effects were evaluated every month. RESULTS: Sixteen children received medication, and after 2 weeks the drug response rate was 57.1% (4/7) in the imipramine group and 33.3% (3/9) in the DDAVP group. Ten of the 16 children completed the study. After 12 weeks of study, the response rate was 75% (3/4) in the imipramine group and 50% (3/6) in the DDAVP group. There were no significant differences in mean urine osmolalities and functional bladder capacities between the response and no-response groups. During the study, side effects developed in only three of the children in the imipramine group. Of these, one demonstrated tachycardia on a follow-up electrocardiography and another complained of irritability, insomnia, a dry mouth and blurred vision. Subsequently, the two children dropped out due to these side effects. CONCLUSIONS: The imipramine and DDAVP had similar therapeutic effects, but the DDAVP had fewer side effects, and was better tolerated, than the imipramine.
Child* ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin* ; Electrocardiography ; Enuresis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Imipramine* ; Mouth ; Nocturnal Enuresis ; Osmolar Concentration ; Prospective Studies* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Tachycardia ; Urinary Bladder ; Water Deprivation

We report a case of Turner syndrome associated with idiopathic central diabetes insipidus in a 12-year-old girl, who presented with polyuria and polydipsia after a year. The patient was very short and and centrally obese, and was initially diagnosed with Turner syndrome, hyperlipidema, and diabetes mellitus. A water deprivation test revealed central diabetes insipidus, and sellar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a thickening of the pituitary stalk, with normal high signal intensity in the posterior pituitary gland. Replacement therapy with desmopressin was initiated, and follow-up sellar MRI findings after two years showed spontaneous regression of the thickened pituitary stalk. There are only few reports of concomitant Turner syndrome with central diabetes insipidus worldwide. Further observation is needed in order to disclose the cause of central diabetes insipidus in patients having Turner syndrome.
Child ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin ; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pituitary Gland ; Pituitary Gland, Posterior ; Polydipsia ; Polyuria ; Turner Syndrome ; Water Deprivation