This study was performed to investigate the exercise-induced stress in growing state in order to prevent the death during or after exercise. Thirty eight male and female subjects in junior high school were administered 5 minutes running test for 3 succesive years. Heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and blood biochemical components were measured before and after 5 minutes running test. Prior to 5 minutes running test the investigation of the number of food intake and total steps a day were performed. The results obtained were as follows;
1) After 5 minutes running test, the subjects who had larger increment in CK-MB/ CK ratio walked fewer steps a day and had fewer number of food intake. And they had more drinks, especially juices.
2) In female subjects an excess of body fat was not a risk factor, but not in male subjects.
3) The subjects, who had larger increment in body fat than in body weight, tended to become higher levels in blood pressure and heart rate in resting than others.
4) The subjects, who walked more longer in 2 nd grade than 1 st grade in junior high school, tended to decrease the increment of heart rate before to immediately after 5 minutes running test.
5) Blood biochemical components were normal even if electrocardiogram was abnormal.
6) At 24 hours after 5 minutes running test, CK-MB/CK ratio and serum lipoperoxide levels increased and serum protein and albumin levels defreased in 3 rd grade in junior high school.
Consequently in order to prevent the death during or after exercise the investigation of food intake, total steps a day, and body fat must be administered before exercise sufficiently. And then electrocardiogram and blood biochemical components, especially CK-MB activity must be checked before, during, and after exercise testing.

The effect of swimming training on creatine ki nase (CK) isoenzyme compositions (cytoplasmic CK : CK-MM, -MB, -BB ; mitochondrial CK : m-CK) of coleus (SOL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and heart muscles were studied. Wistar strain male rats were trained by swimming at a water temperature of 38±2°C, loaded with a weight equal to 5% of their body weight attached to their tails, and made to swim 4-days per week from the age of 4 weeks old for 4, 6 and 8 weeks. CK isoenzyme compositions of SOL, EDL and heart were different from those of other muscles. The activities of CK-MB and m-CK of SOL, EDL and heart increased following exercise training. CK isoenzyme composition of skeletal muscle (SOL and EDL) tended to qualitatively resemble the heart with training. These results suggest that the training-induced metabolic change in skeletal muscle causes similar CK isoenzyme composition to the heart muscle, and ensure energy production for the continuous muscle contraction during endurance exercise. The possibility that the source of the increased serum CK-MB activity after exercise is from the skeletal muscle should be examined thoroughly when the high serum CK-MB activity is interpreted.

The present study was carried out to elucidete whether the accumulation of triglyceride (TG) in rat liver during fasting was stimulated by swimming. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups; C: control, 24 F: 24 hour-fasted and 48 F: 48 hour-fasted. These animals were required to swim for 120 min.
In rats with both 24F and 48F, the liver glycogen contents did not change during swimming. The level of TG in rat liver was higher in 24 F and 48 F rats than the control group, and the exercise significantly affected the liver TG in each group. There was significant correlation betweem the level of TG in rat liver and the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration (r=0.681, p<0.01) . However, although plasma TG did not change during exercise in each group, the TG secretion rate (TGSR) of the 48 F group was significantly lower than that of the C and 24F groups (p<0.01) .
These results provide evidence that exercise may result in the accumulation of TG in liver during fasting and suggest that the process not only depends on the surplus supply of FFA, but also inhibits very low density lipoprotein-TG secretion from liver.

Previous studies of the effect of exercise on glucose metabolism in diabetes mellitus have focused on the stimulation of glucose disposal capacity by insulin and muscle contraction. We have investigated the effects of hyperglycemia on the increase in muscle glycogen after exercise and the role of physiological saline (saline) injection under hyperglycemic conditions. Male Wistar rats weighing 100-150g (n=52) were made diabetic (DM) by injection of 90 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) . Glycogen content was reduced by in situ electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Immediately after stimulation, the rats were injected with glucose or saline. After a 20 min recovery period, the glycogen content of the white and red gastrocnemius (WG, RG), soleus (SOL), plantaris (PL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and tibialis anterior (TA) was significantly increased by glucose injection in the control rats. In DM rats, the glycogen content of the TA and EDL was increased, whereas there was no change in the WG, RG, SOL and PL. These results suggest that, in hyperglycemic rats, muscle glycogen resynthesis in only fast-twitch fibers is increased by muscle contraction. However, after injection of saline, the plasma osmolality decreases significantly and glycogen resynthesis by all muscles except the SOL in diabetic rats is improved, although there is no significant increase in control rats. It is concluded that glycogenolysis and resynthesis after muscle contraction are reduced by hyperglycemia. The data suggest a possible role of saline injection in the development of glycogen resynthesis in hyperglycemia.

Objective:The aim of this study was to measure the value of over-the-counter (OTC) pravastatin as a healthcare-related item by investigating the public's willingness to pay(WTP)in self-medication for the primary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI)if pravastatin were switched to OTC status.
Methods:A questionnaire survey was distributed among those receiving health checkups at Kitasato Institute Hospital. For the WTP question format, the double-bound dichotomous choice approach was employed. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups. Group A was provided with a starting price per month of \5,000, group B with \8,000, and group C with \12,000. To investigate factors affecting WTP, Weibull regression analysis was used.
Results:The questionnaire survey was completed by 242 individuals(150 men, age range 30-82 years), and the mean WTP was \9,583 per month. Weibull regression analysis showed that age significantly affected WTP. The monthly cost for a physician consultation to receive prescribed pravastatin is \3,540 to \6,590 in the Japanese health insurance system.
Conclusion:The WTP was about \10,000 per month, and the WTP based on the questionnaire responses was more than two-fold higher than the present cost for a physician visit. This study clarified the WTP if pravastatin for the primary prevention of MI were switched to OTC status. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether this would contribute to the promotion of self-medication among Japanese.

Effects of sit-up exercise in the healthy adults to the point of exhaustion on the respiratory-circulatory functions and oxygen consumption were studied in thirtyone males and thirtysix females whose age varied between twenty and thirtyf our years old. The subjects were classified into two groups, the superior and the inferior, according to the number of sit-ups to reach the exhaustion point. Collected vallues were compared between the pre-exercise and the post-exercise records. The results were as follows ;
1) No sex differences in the inferior group were found in the degree of increase in systolic pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate.
2) In the superior group, no sex difference was found in the degree of increase in respiration rate, but male subjects were greater than female subjects in the degree of increase in both systolic pressure and heart rate.
3) In males, when the superior subjects were compared with the inferior subjects, the former were greater than the latter in the degree of increase in both systolic pressure and heart rate, but in females no differences were found.
4) In males the more the degree of increase in blood pressure, the more the degree of increase in heart rate. In contrast with males, in females there were no relation between them were observed.
5) It was recognized that relative metabolic rate varied in values from 4.7-13.5 and there was a tendency among the inferior subjects to have a large relative metabolic rate.

Uninterrupted recordings of grip strength were measured in the male and female physical education students, university sports club members, middle-aged physical laborers and clerks, and young weight-lifters. The results were as follows ;
1) In the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength, recordings among the males were greater than females. But, there were no differences between the recordings in the rate of supporting at morning and at evening.
2) In the university sports club members, the rate of supporting of Basketball club members were the most, Judo, the medium, Volleyball, Tennis, and others, the least.
3) Among the middle-aged subjects, the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength indicate high in physical laborers and low in the clerks.
4) The rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength in youngweight-lifters was smaller than in well trained weight-lifters.
5) By the comparison between right and left recordings in the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength, certain tendencies were observed in some sports, but, not greater than differences among some sports. Certain individual, however, indicate great differences between right and left recordings.
6) No significant correlations between maximum grip strength and rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements were observed.

Before and after the physical fitness tests included 1000 meter endurable walking, aged males and females more than 61 to 80 years old were tested on the blood pressure, heart rate and blood components. The results were as follows.
1) The systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not varied so distinctly.
2) Heart rates were increased in all groups.
3) Serum cholesterol, GOT and GPT were not influenced.
4) Fatty acid, especially unsaturated one, was increased remarkably.
5) Fatty acid increasing observed on excellent performer of the endurable walking was higher than that of poor performer.
6) Increasing ratio of the fatty acid which was found on the subjects with abnormal ECG was higher than that of the subjects with normal ECG.
As above mentioned facts, the test of serum fatty acid seemed very important item to the aged people from the view point of security of the exercise.

The variation of venous concentration of FFA as the effect of exercise under several nutritive conditions were tested on two subjects, i, e., 56 years old male and 20 years old female.
Arrhythmia were recorded when sudden increase in palmitoleic acid in venous concentration was observed, while no arrhythmia were recorded otherwise. Arrtythmia seemed to have been prevented by intaking glucose prior to exercise.
It was also observed that arrhythmia would easily be produced by sudden uprise of palmitoleic acid under hunger after low carbohydrate nutrition.

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of 120 km walking, 40 km a day for 3 successive days on the condition that taking rest and foods freely, upon physical functions for healthy male and female subjects. All measurements were enforced at postabsorptive state early in the morning for the 10 successive days including the days of walking. Blood pressure, heart rate, and body weight were measured every morning. Blood samplings enforced, too. Urine collections were enforced from first day to 7 th day. The results obtained were as follows;
1) There were no changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and body weight, which were measured early in the morning, before and after 120 km walking.
2) Serum GOT and GPT activities had little changes, while serum LDH, α-HBDH, and CK activities increased gradually after walking.
3) Serum CK-MB activities, which indicate myocardial injury, increased after walking, on the contrary CK-MB/CK ratio decreased. It was suggested that effects of 120km walking to myocardium were rather than slight ones.
4) In spite of the same sorce in which serum CK-MB and LDH-1 were resulted, both did'nt exhibit same patterns in serum.
5) Serum lipids decreased gradually after walking.
6) Urinary excretion of creatinine and uric acid increased after 120km walking especially.
7) If it is allowed to take sufficient foods and rest, 120km walking, 40km a day for 3 successive days, would not result in such a physical stress over the following days.