2.Compost techniques for organic waste
Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;15(6):89-93
Composting is the transformation of organic waste through decomposition by microbacteria into soil-like material. Organic waste used in composting is from agricultural waste like vegetables from farms, markets, restaurants, hotels, processing plants. There are two techniques of composting: (1) composting of waste pile with air supply system, (2) natural composting with air supplied by tossing the pile. Composting is used widely in other countries to manage waste. Composting not only results in a soil-like material as a good fertilizer but also it reduces a consiferable amount of waste.
Waste Products
;
Waste Management
;
Soil
3.Hospital waste management status at six general hospitals at provincial level
Journal of Medical Research 2003;21(1):56-63
A cross-sectional survey on the management of the waste performed in 6 provincial hospital Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Can Tho, Dong Thap showed that: Total quantity of solid wastes: 0.6-1.27kg/bed/day in which clinical wastes 18.2-18.9%, chemical wast 0.3-0.5%; the collection and classification of solid waste did not followed fully the regulation issued by the MOH, there were 3 standard ovens to burn clinical waste, but only 2 was used. In all 6 hospitals the standard knowledge of treatment of liquid and gaz wastes was not completed fully. The difficulties in the management of hospital wastes are shortage of the staff with necessary hnowledge, lack of equipment and materials, financial deficiency.
Hospitals
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Waste Management
;
Waste Products
4.Knowledge on hospital wastes and hospital waste management at six general hospitals at provincal level
Journal of Medical Research 2003;0(2):47-53
The results of the interview of 203 staffs in 6 hospitals – 3 hospitals with treatment of wastes (Phu Tho, Quang Ngai, Dong Thap), 3 hospital without treatment of wastes (Yen Bai, Quang Nam, Can Tho) about knowledge on hospital wastes and hospital waste management injury rate caused by sharp wastes among the interviewed staffs show: Medical staffs in both two groups have poor understanding about the impacts of hospital wastes, and hospital waste management (classification, collection, transport and treatment wastes). The injuries rate in the staffs that interviewed is 20.0%, and there is no significant difference beteen two groups.
Hospitals
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Waste Management
;
Waste Products
;
5.Overview of the Formation, Components, Color, and Abnormal Findings of Urine.
Journal of the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology 2013;17(2):29-34
Urine production is vital for the removal of certain waste products produced by metabolism in the body and for the maintenance of homeostasis in the body. The kidneys produce urine by the following three precisely regulated processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is composed of water, certain electrolytes, and various waste products that are filtered out of the blood through the glomeruli. The physical features of urine are evaluated carefully to detect any abnormal findings that may indicate underlying diseases in the genitourinary system. A change in urine color may indicate an underlying pathological condition, although many of the causes of abnormal urine color are benign effects of medications and foods. A characteristic and specific odor may be the result of a metabolic disease rather than a concentrated specimen or a simple urinary tract infection. Although transient changes in urine output and nocturia are usually benign conditions, persistent abnormal findings require further work-up, with a thorough medical history taking. This article presents many of the conditions that physicians may encounter and will help them in the diagnosis and in establishing a treatment plan.
Diagnosis
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Electrolytes
;
Filtration
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Homeostasis
;
Kidney
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Medical History Taking
;
Metabolic Diseases
;
Metabolism
;
Nocturia
;
Odors
;
Urinary Tract Infections
;
Urogenital System
;
Waste Products
6.Effect of the solutions in changing technology on reducting waste gases pollution in the Ha Bac Company for introgenous fertilizers and chemicals
Journal of Practical Medicine 2005;0(12):27-29
A study of intervention solutions for the exhaust from 4 thermo-electrical kilns, from synthetic process of in NH3 and dust due to NPK fertilizer production was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of technological improvement solutions in reducing environment pollution. Results: concentration of dust and toxic fumes was reduced, concentration of the exhaust components eliminated to environment through the chimneys of gases-made kilns reduced significantly after changing technology. NH3, CH4, H2 from producing NH3 decreased clearly, dust from producing NPK reduced 1.63-1.92 times
Environmental Pollution
;
Gases
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Waste Products
;
Fertilizers
7.Factors affecting toxic lead(Ii) ion bioremediation by Fusarium equiseti isolated from the mangrove soil environment of southeast Borneo.
Wahab Abideen Akinkunmi ; Awang Ahmad Sallehin Awang Husaini ; Azham Zulkharnain ; Tay Meng Guan ; Hairul Azman Roslan
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 2015;11(2):215-222
Aims: Electronic waste (e-waste) is an inorganic pollutant which causes a serious environmental problem since it
contains toxic heavy metals, which cannot be removed from contaminated sites easily. The use of biomaterials for
removing heavy metals from contaminated soil and wastewater has emerged as a potential alternative method to the
conventional techniques. The present study were aimed to isolate efficient lead tolerant fungi from mangrove soil
environment and measure its capability for lead removal from aqueous solution.
Methodology and results: Lead tolerant fungal strains were isolated from soil samples using PDA (Potato Dextrose
Agar) supplemented with varied concentrations of lead ions (100-500 mg/L). The most tolerant fungal strain was
successfully isolated and identified molecularly as Fusarium equiseti KR706303. The isolated fungus was used for
biosorption studies using Potato dextrose broth (PDB) supplemented with lead ions. The effects of pH, temperature,
initial metal concentration, biomass dose and age, agitation and contact time to the Pb(II) removal efficiency were
monitored in the study. The results showed that the optimal parameters for the removal of lead ions such as heavy metal
concentration and pH were 300 mg/L, with a maximum Pb(II) adsorption of 97.9% observed at pH 4 and temperature of
30 °C during the batch biosorption experiments. The optimal parameters for biomass dose, agitation speed, contact time
and biomass age were observed at 0.04 g, 150 rpm, 60 min and fifth day; respectively.
Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The observation in this study revealed that the biomass of the isolated
Fusarium equiseti KR706303 has the potential to be used as a biosorbent for heavy metal particularly Pb(II) removal
from the contaminated sites. The technology is simple, efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly.
Electronic Waste
;
Metals, Heavy
;
Hazardous Waste
8.Optimization of Inpatient Management of Radioiodine Treatment in Korea.
Min Jae PARK ; Jung Hyun KIM ; Jung Chan JANG ; Chang Ho KIM ; Jae Min JEONG ; Dong Soo LEE
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2008;42(4):261-266
We established a model to calculate radioactive waste from sewage disposal tank of hospitals to optimize the number of patients receiving inpatient radioiodine therapy within the safety guideline in our country. According to this model and calculation of radioactivity concentration using the number of patients per week, the treatment dose of radioiodine, the capacity and the number of sewage tanks and the daily amount of water waste per patient, estimated concentration of radioactivity in sewage waste upon disposal from disposal tanks after longterm retention were within the safety guideline (30 Bq/L) in all the hospitals examined. In addition to the fact that we could increase the number of patients in two thirds of hospitals, we found that the daily amount of waste water was the most important variable to allow the increase of the number of patients within the safety margin of disposed radioactivity. We propose that saving the water amount be led to increase the number of patients and they allow two patients in an already furnished hospital inpatient room to meet the increasing need of inpatient radioiodine treatment for thyroid cancer.
Humans
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Inpatients
;
Korea
;
Radioactive Waste
;
Radioactivity
;
Retention (Psychology)
;
Sewage
;
Thyroid Gland
;
Waste Water
9.Fluid Overload in Dialysis Patients.
Korean Journal of Nephrology 2000;19(2):183-189
End-stage renal disease(ESRD) is the fatal retention of non-volatile, metabolic waste products, salt, and water due to extensive loss of functioning nephrons. Renal replacement therapy is primarily aimed to remove retained waste products and fluid. Adequacy of dialysis is the dose of dialysis below which one observes a significant worsening of morbidity and mortality. Urea kinetic modeling, Kt/Vurea, etc. is regarded as a quantitative guideline of dialysis adequacy in both hemodialysis(HD) and peritoneal dialysis(PD). Water is one of the most important uremic toxin retained in ESRD patients. The importance of fluid overload on morbidity and/or mortality in dialysis patients is yet to be evaluated. Recent technology of HD provides adequate Kt/ Vurea for relatively short dialysis time and higher patient survival. Blood pressure control and extracellular fluid(ECF) volume are closely related with dialysis time in HD patients. Short dialysis time, 3-4 hours per session may not enough to control blood pressure. Hypertension is an important risk factor of survival in dialysis patients. Fluid overload is the most important factor of hypertension in dialysis patients. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension have higher mortality rate despite similar Kt/Vurea compared with patients with good blood pressure control. A longer dialysis time improves ECF volume and blood pressure control and decreases cardiovascular mortality. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) is a slow continuous therapy and is believed to maintain better control of ECF volume and blood pressure compared with hemodialysis. ECF volume and blood pressure controls are improved after initiation of CAPD, however, return to pre-CAPD levels after a few years of CAPD when residual renal function disappears. Patients transferred to hernodialysis from CAPD lose around 4kg of body weight for a few months on HD. Approximately 25% of CAPD patients are clinically fluid overloaded. Increased peritoneal permeability is an independent risk factor for patient and technique survivals in CAPD patients. Fluid overload in CAPD patients with increased peritoneal pernability is believed to be an important underlying mechanism of increased mortality and technique failure in this group. In conclusion, fluid overload is an important risk factor of mortality in dialysis patients. Sufficient dialysis time resulting good controls of ECF volume and blood pressure in hemodialysis patients and individualized dialysis prescription according to the peritoneal permeability in CAPD patients are vital to provide adequate dialysis and to decrease cardiovas-cular mortality.
Blood Pressure
;
Body Weight
;
Dialysis*
;
Humans
;
Hypertension
;
Kidney Failure, Chronic
;
Mortality
;
Nephrons
;
Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory
;
Permeability
;
Prescriptions
;
Renal Dialysis
;
Renal Replacement Therapy
;
Risk Factors
;
Urea
;
Waste Products
;
Water
10.Cultivating an oleaginous microalgae with municipal wastewater.
Sujuan LÜ ; Wei ZHANG ; Xiaowei PENG ; Xiaolin CHEN ; Tianzhong LIU
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology 2011;27(3):445-452
Municipal wastewater is usually problematic for the environment. The process of oleaginous microalgal culture requires large amounts of nutrients and water. Therefore, we studied the feasibility of oleaginous microalgal culture of Scenedesmus dimorphus in bubbled column photobioreactor with municipal wastewater added with different nutrients. S. dimorphus could adapt municipal nutrient-rich wastewater by adding some nutrients as nitrogen, phosphorus, ferric ammonium citrate and trace elements, and the amounts of such nutrients have significant effects on cell growth, biomass yield and lipid accumulation. At optimum compositions of wastewater medium, the algal cell concentration could reach 8.0 g/L, higher than that of 5.0 g/L in standard BG11. Furthermore, S. dimorphus had strong capacity to absorb inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from its culture water. There was almost no total nitrogen and phosphorus residues in culture medium after three or four days culturing when the adding mounts of nitrate and phosphate in wastewater medium were no more than 185.2 mg/L and 16.1 mg/L respectively under the experimental conditions. As a conclusion, it was feasible to cultivate oleaginous microalgae with municipal nutrient-rich wastewater, not only producing feedstock for algal biodiesel, but also removing inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater.
Biofuels
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Cities
;
Culture Techniques
;
methods
;
Lipids
;
biosynthesis
;
Microalgae
;
metabolism
;
Photobioreactors
;
Scenedesmus
;
growth & development
;
metabolism
;
Waste Disposal, Fluid
;
methods
;
Waste Products