Objective To investigate T cell subtypes and their functions in liver immune microenvironments among patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Methods Four AE patients that were admitted to Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital in 2023 for hepatic surgery for the first time were enrolled, and liver specimens were sampled 1 cm (peri-lesion, PL group) and > 5 cm from AE lesions (distal lesion, DL group) among each patient. Finally, a total of eight liver specimens were sampled from four AE patients for scRNA-seq analysis. Genome and transcriptome data of liver specimens were processed using the software Cell Ranger and R package. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their biological functions were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and the primary intercellular communication patterns and interaction mechanisms were identified among T cell subtypes in liver specimens using the CellChat package. In addition, the developmental stages of T cells were subjected to trajectory analysis with the monocle package to investigate the expression of genes associated with cell growth and tumor transformation, and to predict the developmental trajectories of T cells. Results All four AE patients were female, with a mean age of (25.00 ± 9.06) years, and there were three cases from Jiuzhi County, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and one case from Chengduo County, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The viability of single-cell samples from eight liver specimens was 90.41% to 96.33%, and a total of 81 763 cells were analyzed, with 19 cell types annotated. Of these cell types, 13 were immune cells (87.60%), and T cells (33.13%), neutrophils (15.40%), and natural killer cells (11.92%) were the three most common cell types. Re-clustering of 27 752 T cells and proliferative T cells identified 10 distinct T cell subtypes, with CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells (23.43%), CD8⁺ naive T cells (12.80%), and CD4⁺ effector memory T cells (17.73%) as dominant cell types. The proportions of T helper 2 (Th2) cells (5.19% vs. 3.63%; χ² = 38.35, P < 0.01) and CD4⁺ effector memory T cells (21.59% vs. 13.67%; χ² = 244.70, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in liver specimens in the PL group than in the DL group, and the proportion of CD4⁺ helper T cells was significantly lower in the PL group than in the DL group (7.50% vs. 14.75%; χ² = 330.52, P < 0.01). KEGG pathway analysis revealed that Th2 cells were significantly enriched in cell apoptosis and multiple cancer-associated pathways, and CD4⁺ effector memory T cells were significantly enriched in the regulation of cytokines and chronic inflammation, while CD4⁺ helper T cells were significantly enriched in immune responses regulation. Trajectory analysis of T cells showed that CD4⁺ helper T cells were at an earlier developmental stage relative to Th2 cells and CD4⁺ effector memory T cells, and the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (ID3), thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) and heat shock protein family B (small) member 1 (HSPB1) genes appeared a tendency towards a decline over time. Conclusions CD4⁺ effector memory T cells and CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells are primary interacting cells in the liver specimens of AE patients. Reduced expression of Th2 cells and CD4⁺ helper T cells contributes to an inhibitory immune microenvironment, which promotes immune evasion by Echinococcus multilocularis, and Th2 cells are significantly enriched in multiple cancer-associated pathways, which may be linked to the invasive growth of E. multilocularis.

OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of reusing and recycling times on the quality of ethanol recovered from ethanol deposition solution of aqueous extract of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. METHODS The ethanol in five consecutive batches of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos water extract ethanol deposition was recovered by vacuum distillation. The impurities in five batches of recovered ethanol and the recovered ethanol when partial coking caused by temperature runaway were qualitatively analyzed by headspace solid phase micro extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(HS-SPME/GC-MS), and the ultraviolet absorbance of each batch of recovered ethanol was also analyzed. RESULTS Styrene was the only impurity in the first and second batch of recovered ethanol; there were five impurities in the third and fourth batch of recovered ethanol; the number of impurities in the fifth batch of recovered ethanol increases to 17. When partial coking was occurred, the exogenous impurities in the recovered ethanol increased dramatically to forty-one, and there were harmful substances such as ninhydrin and naphthalene. The ultraviolet absorbance of the third to fifth batch of recovered ethanol exceed the upper limit stipulated in the second part of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2020 Edition. While the ultraviolet absorbance of the recovered ethanol when partial coking takes place exceeds the standard of the pharmacopoeia greatly. CONCLUSION The recovered ethanol should be treated after being reused two times, so that its ultraviolet absorbance level and impurity type are equivalent to that of fresh ethanol before it can be used again. The method provides reference for the quality control and compliance use of recovered ethanol.

Objective To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) with acute tubulointerstitial nephropathy (ATIN).Methods Patients who were diagnosed as IgAN with ATIN and IgAN without ATIN by renal biopsy in Peking University First Hospital were enrolled.There were 74 cases of IgAN with ATIN,and seventy-four cases of IgAN without ATIN were enrolled based on stratified sampling (chosen by 1∶ 1).The two groups were well matched with age,gender,follow-up time,mesangial hypercellularity(M),endocapillaryhypercellularity (E),segmental glomerulosclerosis(S),tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis(T) and cellular/fibrocellular crescent(C).The clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of two groups were retrospectively analyzed.A composite end point,defined as 30％ or 50％ estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)decline and end stage renal disease (ESRD) was used.Renal function and proteinuria during follow-up were observed.Renal survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and risk factors of progression were analyzed by using univariate and multivariate Cox regression models.Results Seventy-four cases of IgAN with ATIN and seventy-four cases of IgAN without ATIN were enrolled.Serum creatinine [(185.6±83.2) μmol/L vs (146.3 ±69.2) μmol/L,P=0.010] and incidence of acute kidney disease (AKD) (31.1％ vs 5.4％,P ＜ 0.001) were higher in IgAN with ATIN group than those in IgAN without ATIN group.Patients in ATIN group received more immunosuppressive treatment (86.5％vs 58.1％,P＜ 0.001).During 1 year after biopsy,mean eGFR increased significantly in IgAN with ATIN group [(39.7+ 14.6) ml· min-1· (1.73 m2)-1 vs (47.2+ 19.9) ml· min-1· (1.73 m2)-1,P=0.017],but mean eGFR was not statistic different in IgAN without ATIN group [(60.0±30.5) ml· min-1· (1.73 m2)-1 vs (59.0±31.7) ml· min-1· (1.73 m2)-1,P=0.567].Median follow-up was 23.0 months in IgAN with ATIN group,and Median follow-up was 30.0 months in IgAN without ATIN group.Incidence of composite end point had no significant differences between two groups.IgAN with ATIN was not the independent risk factor for end point.IgAN patients with ATIN were divided into two groups (with AKD and without AKD),then renal survival rate was higher (Log-rank test,x2=5.293,P=0.021) and the risk for composite end point decreased by 79.2％ (HR=0.208,95％CI 0.046-0.939,P=0.041) in the group with AKD.Conclusions In IgAN,there is a subgroup of patients with the specific pathological phenotype combined with ATIN.Compared with those without AKD,the risk for composite end point of IgAN patients with ATIN and AKD showed a 79.2％ decrease.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; Heart Injuries ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Humans ; Thrombin ; administration & dosage

Objective To preliminary establish the process condition of extracting polysaccharides from Allii tuberosi semen.Methods The study was carried out with the content of Semen allii tuberosi polysaccharides as evaluation index, the material liquid ratio, extraction time, and extraction times as observation factors, and L9 (34) orthogonal design as extraction craft.The physical and chemical properties and IR spectroscope were used to identify the extract.Results The optimum preparation condition was determined as: using 12 times water, extracting 3 times, and extracting 160 minutes.According to the results of purple ring reaction and infrared spectrum, the extract from Allii tuberosi semen has polysaccharides.From the statistical processing of data we found when polysaccharides from Semen allii tuberosi has 50％ reducing power, the value of EC50 is 10.2 mg/ml.Conclusion The process is reasonable and suitable and can be used for the extraction of polysaccharides from Allii tuberosi semen, and can provide the theoretical basis for the research and application.

Objective To investigate the importance of nursing cooperation in the operation of middle cerebral artery aneurysm ( MCAA) microsurgical clipping. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 202 cases ( male 103 cases, female 99 cases) of MCAA patients who were underwent microsurgical clipping surgery ( from January 1997 to December 2013), and the importance of nursing cooperation in the process were analyzed. A total of 242 aneurysms were found during surgery of 212 cases underwent craniotomy clipping, in which 215 cases were MCAA, and 2 cases underwent autologous dura wrapping, except one unbroken MCAA case was embolism. Results All patients in this group underwent Yasargil′s pterional trans-sylvian approach, 212 MCAA surgery were successfully clipped. 174 cases were clipped without rupture (81. 3%), while rupture (18. 7%) occurred in 40 patients during surgery. All patients had been treated with controlled hypotension and intracranial hypotension, through timely blood transfusion, infusion and other response measures to ensure the successful completion of surgery. Conclusions It can help will the operation completed smoothly and improve surgical effects by personalized utilizing of controlled hypotension, brain tissue relaxation techniques and other measures in microsurgical clipping of MCAA, as well as good nursing cooperation during the process of aneurysms rupture.

OBJECTIVETo study the clinicopathologic features of collagen III glomerulopathy and its cause, pathogenesis and prognosis.

METHODSFive cases of collagen III glomerulopathy that collected from 2005 to 2014 were observed by renal biopsy. The morphologic characteristics were studied by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical and electron microscopy.

RESULTSThe glomerular mesangium became expansion but no hypercellularity, basement membrane appeared thickened. The glomeruli showed collagen type III deposit by immunohistochemistry method, and collagen fibers increased by electron microscopy. The patients often show serious proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome and renal function damage.

CONCLUSIONSCollagen III glomerulopathy is an idiopathic glomerular disease, characterized by massive accumulation of collagen type III within the glomerular mesangial areas and basement membrane. Collagen III glomerulopathy is extremely rare. The etiology and pathogenesis may relate to the abnormality of collagen III gene. There is no specific treatment for it and its prognosis is poor.

Basement Membrane ; metabolism ; Biopsy ; Collagen Type III ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Glomerular Mesangium ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney Diseases ; etiology ; pathology ; Kidney Glomerulus ; pathology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Prognosis ; Proteinuria ; diagnosis

Objective To study the clinicopathologic features of collagen Ⅲglomerulopathy and its cause, pathogenesis and prognosis.Methods Five cases of collagen Ⅲglomerulopathy that collected from 2005 to 2014 were observed by renal biopsy.The morphologic characteristics were studied by light microscopy , immunofluorescence , immunohistochemical and electron microscopy.Results The glomerular mesangium became expansion but no hypercellularity , basement membrane appeared thickened.The glomeruli showed collagen type Ⅲdeposit by immunohistochemistry method , and collagen fibers increased by electron microscopy.The patients often show serious proteinuria , nephrotic syndrome and renal function damage.Conclusions Collagen Ⅲ glomerulopathy is an idiopathic glomerular disease , characterized by massive accumulation of collagen type Ⅲ within the glomerular mesangial areas and basement membrane.Collagen Ⅲglomerulopathy is extremely rare.The etiology and pathogenesis may relate to the abnormality of collagen Ⅲgene.There is no specific treatment for it and its prognosis is poor.

Objective To identify the prevalence of different amyloid types in renal biopsies.Methods The renal biopsies of 205 patients diagnosed as renal amyloidosis from January 1990 to December 2011 were reassessed.Immunohistochemistry was performed with a penal of antibodies directed against λ-light chain,κ-light chain,amyloid A,fibrinogen,transthyretin,apolipoprotein A1,and lysozyme.Immune electron microscopy and gene analysis were performed when the results of immunohistochemistry were indeterminate.Results Among 205 patients,190 cases (92.7％) were classified as immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL),1 (0.5％) case as amyloid A amyloidosis and 1 (0.5％) case as fibrinogen A α-chain amyloidosis.The amyloid types of remaining 13 (6.3％) cases were undetermined.In the AL patients,the distribution of λ and κ was 6.6∶1.Conclusion AL is the most common form of renal amyloidosis in China,with a predominant light chain type of λ.

Objective To research the combined prognostic utility of NT-proBNP and hs-CTNI in NSTE-ACS risk stratification and early intervention therapy .Methods A total of 245 NSTE-ACS patients were divided to 4 groups(Aa ,Ab ,Ba ,Bb groups) ac-cording to immediate admission NT-proBNP and hs-CTNI .Patients were accepted percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) ,coro-nary artery bypass grafting and conservative treatment were taken 6 months follow-up .Results The heart failure incidence of Aa group was significantly higher than Ba group(P<0 .05) .6 patients happened left main lesion or multivessel lesion in Aa group were obviously higher than other groups .The incidence of Bb group accepted PCI was obviously higher than Aa group (P<0 .05) .Bb group patients were accepted PCI earlier than other groups ,there was no significance(P>0 .05) .In 6 months follow-up ,5 patients died and 10 patients accepted revascularization again because of severe angina and AMI .Conclusion In NSTE-ACS patient ,NT-proBNP and hs-CTNI elevation was closely related with severe coronary lesions and worse prediction ,which could undergo early in-tervention therapy .