With extracting separately delta, theta, alpha and beta rhythms of electroencephalogram (EEG), we studied the characters of EEG for fatigued drivers by analyzing relative power spectrum, power spectral entropy and brain electrical activity mapping. The experimental results showed that with the average relative power spectrum in delta and theta rhythms of EEG increasing, the average relative power spectrum in alpha and beta rhythms decreased, while the average relative power spectrum in delta, theta and alpha rhythms increased in deep fatigue. The average power spectral entropy of EEG decreases with the increasing fatigue level. The average relative power spectrum and the average power spectral entropy of EEG could be expected to serve as the index for detecting fatigue level of drivers.
Automobile Driving ; Brain Waves ; physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Fatigue ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

Objective To develop an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of metolazone and valsartan in beagle dog plasma.Methods The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Poroshell 120(2.1 mm ×30 mm × 2.7 μm)analytical column.The multiple reaction monitoring mode operating in positive ion was adopted in MS detection, and precursors to the product ion transitions of m/z 366.2/259, 436.2/291 and 423.4/207 were used to measure metola-zone, valsartan and internal standard ( losartan potassium) .Results The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.5 ng/ml-100 ng/ml for metolazone and 5-5000 ng/ml for valsartan, with the correlation coefficients ( r2 ) of 0.9937 and 0.9939, respectively.The average intra-day precision values ( RSD) were 2.09% -8.85% for metolazone and 2.36%-13.12%for valsartan.The matrix effect values were 87.73%-98.62%for metolazone and 99.03%-137.35%for valsartan.The average recovery was 75.74%-81.82%for metolazone and 83.89%-95.64%for valsartan.Conclu-sion This analytical method for metolazone and valsartan is simple, accurate and sensitive, so it can be used for pharma-cokinetic research of metolazone and valsartan immediate release tablets in beagle dogs.

Objective:To study the correlation of serum monokine induced by IFN-γ(Mig)and interleukin9(IL-9) levels to HBV pre-C/BCP mutation and their influences on the response to interferon therapy in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B(CHB).Methods:A total of 110 cases of HBeAg-positive CHB patients in the People′s Hospital of Jianyang City were retrospectively analyzed from February 2015 to February 2018, and all received pegylated-IFN-αtherapy.Before treatment, the gene fragment of HBV pre-C/BCP region was amplified and the patients were divided into two groups: wild type group (61 cases) and mutant group (49 cases). The difference of serum MIG, IL-9 and antiviral treatment effect between the two groups were compared.Results:The serum IL-9 of mutant group before treatment ((10.8±1.9) ng/L)was significantly higher than that of wild group((8.3±1.7) ng/L) ( P<0.05). The complete response rate of mutation group was 46.9% (23/49) after 48 weeks of treatment, which was significantly higher than that of wild group(16.4% (10/61)) (χ 2=7.083, P=0.018). After 24 weeks of treatment, the serum Mig of patients with HBsAg decrease>1 lg 10 in mutation group before treatment was significantly higher than HBsAg decrease≤1 lg 10 ((129.2±37.9) ng/L vs.(91.5±25.7) ng/L)( P<0.05). The serum IL-9 in the mutant group were(8.8±1.9) ng/L and (8.9±1.6) ng/L at 12 and 24 weeks after treatment respectively, which were significantly lower than that before treatment (all P<0.05). Conclusion:The high expression of IL-9 in serum of CHB and HBeAg positive patients before treatment is closely related to the variation of HBV pre-C/BCP region, and the expression of IL-9 is not related to the antiviral effect of interferon.The high expression of MIG in patients before treatment may be more beneficial to the antiviral effect of interferon in patients with HBV pre-C/BCP region variation.

[Objective]To summarize the clinical experience of Professor JIANG Deyou in the treatment of gallbladder and stomach disharmony.[Methods]This paper analyzes the identification and treatment ideas of Professor JIANG in the treatment of a series of symptoms of gallbladder and stomach disharmony,expounds understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease,and attaches clinical medical cases to verify the treatment.[Results]Gallbladder and stomach disharmony often produces cholestogastric syndrome,mental disorders,insomnia and series of diseases.Professor JIANG emphasizes discriminating the mechanism of disease in clinical diagnosis.In view of the pathological mechanism of gallbladder and stomach disharmony of the three diseases,Futu Decoction with choleretic drugs were used to treat cholestogastric syndrome,Gaoxing Decoction to treat mental disorders,and first Gaoxing Decoction then Futu Decoction to treat insomnia.In both cases,although the patients had symptoms of gallbladder and stomach disharmony such as gastritis,cholecystitis,and fatty liver,as well as emotional problems such as mental disorders and insomnia,this treatment achieved significant results.[Conclusion]Professor JIANG has unique insights in the etiology and pathogenesis of gallbladder and stomach disharmony,and the treatment method has achieved significant clinical efficacy,which is worth learning and imitating.

Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect and cost of spraying molluscicides with drones against Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshland and lake areas, so as to provide new insights into field snail control in China. Methods A marshland and lake setting measuring approximately 12 000 m² was selected in Wanzhi District, Wuhu City on June 2023 as the test field, and assigned to four groups, of 3 000 m² in each group. Environmental cleaning was not conducted in groups A or B, which were given 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with knapsack-type sprayers and drones at a dose of 40 g/m², and environmental cleaning was conducted in groups C and D, which were given 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with drones and knapsack-type sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m², respectively. O. hupensis snails were surveyed before chemical treatment and 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days post-treatment. The uniformity of chemicals was determined on the day of treatment, and the snail mortality, corrected snail mortality and density of living snails were calculated and compared among groups. The cost of molluscicides, labor fees of environmental cleaning and chemical treatment and cost of equipment were calculated, and the cost for a 1% reduction in the mean density of living snails was calculated 14 days post-treatment. Results The mean densities of living snails and mortality rates of snails were 1.82 to 2.85 snails/0.1 m² and 1.41% to 2.94% in groups A, B, C and D before chemical treatment, and the mortality and corrected mortality of snails were 55.75%, 49.32%, 85.94% and 87.50%, and 55.00%, 48.47%, 85.70% and 87.29% in groups A, B, C and D 14 days post-treatment. There was a significant difference in the mortality of snails among the four groups 14 days post-treatment (χ² = 38.735, P < 0.005), and there was a higher snail mortality in Group D than in Group A (χ² = 16.876, P < 0.005), and higher in Group C than in Group B (χ² = 20.508, P < 0.005). The density of living snails reduced by 55.00%, 43.94%, 90.43% and 87.14% 14 days post-treatment relative to pre-treatment in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The test for uniformity of chemicals showed that the mean dose of molluscicides were 57.34, 55.21, 40.19 g/m² and 32.37 g/m² in groups A, B, C and D, respectively, and the minimal standard deviation (7.07) and coefficient of variation (0.18) of mean doses were seen in Group C. The costs for chemical treatment were 0.33 Yuan in groups A and B and 1.53 Yuan in groups C and D, respectively. The costs for a 1% reduction in the mean density of living snails were 17.82, 22.47, 50.73 Yuan and 52.56 Yuan in groups A, B, C, and D 14 days post-treatment, respectively. Conclusions The molluscicidal effect and cost of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones are comparable to manual spraying, and chemical treatment with drones are high in uniformity of molluscicides, time- and labor-saving, and feasible for applications in complex environments, which deserves widespread applications in the field of snail control.