OBJECTIVE: To explore the possibility of far-lateral retro-condylar approach in an attempt to apply endoscope. METHOD: For anatomical information, the microneurosurgical anatomical dissection, observation and measurement had been performed under microscope and endoscope by mimicking the far-lateral retro-condylar approach on 10 adult cadaver heads and 10 adult dry skulls. RESULT: The complex relationship exists between the osseous jugular foramen and its adjacent structures. The exposed anatomic structures of jugular foramen region were observed under microscope and endoscope without drilling occipital condyle and jugular tubercle. CONCLUSION With the technology of modern microsurgery and endoscope, several diseases in jugular foramen region can be operated via far-lateral retro-condylar approach without drilling occipital condyle and jugular tubercle.
Adult ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Jugular Veins ; anatomy & histology ; Male ; Occipital Bone ; anatomy & histology ; surgery

Objective:To systematically sort out and cluster the existing indicators of key issues in the quality of postgraduate clinical degree education based on the bibliometric study, so as to build a multidimensional quality assessment index system that integrates scientificity, rationality and representativeness, and to provide a scientific measurement tool for assessing clinical professional postgraduate education in China.Methods:By mining the related functions of UCINET6 network analysis integration software and its one-dimensional and two-dimensional data analysis NetDraw program, the social network analysis (SNA) method was used to extract and cluster the education quality problem set of clinical professional degree postgraduates.Results:A three-dimensional evaluation index system was constructed. The first dimension concluded such 8 key issues in the quality of postgraduate education in clinical medicine as ability assessment, teaching system, teaching quality assurance system, professional cognition and career prospects, assessment and evaluation system and organization, and the pulse taking and diagnosis.Conclusion:The clinical graduate education quality evaluation index system is an effective measurement tool for education quality improvement, based on a multidimensional perspective, with key issues as priority areas for intervention, providing an effective evidence-based basis for ensuring the development of professional graduate education efforts from 2020-2025.