Objective To investigate the occurrence and distribution characteristics of pathogenic fungi causing su-perficial mycosis in a hospital. Methods Specimens from patients suspected of superficial mycosis were conducted direct microscope examination,cultivation and pathogenic identification.Results Among 398 cases of suspected su-perficial mycosis,the positive rate of fungi was 51.01% (n= 203 )by direct microscopy and 59.55% (n= 237)by fungi cultivation,positive rate of microscope examination was significantly lower than cultivation (χ2= 6.057,P=0.014). Of 237 patients with confirmed diagnosis of superficial mycosis ,100 (42.19% )were children and 137 (57.81% )were adults ;109 cases (45.99% )were diagnosed with tinea of feet and hands,89 (37.55% )tinea capi-tis,26 (10.97% )tinea corporis,and 13 (5.48% )tinea unguium. The major fungi from children was Microsporum canis (49.00% ),and from adults was Trichophytonrubrum(45.99% ). Conclusion The most common superficial mycosis in this hospital is tinea of feet and hands,and the major fungi are Trichophytonrubrum and Microsporum canis ,the species causing mycosis in adults and children are different.

Objective To explore the risk factors in post-polypectomy hemorrhage in rectum and to discuss the appropriate interventions.Methods A total of 313 patients with 373 polypi were included in this study. The clinical data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results There were 313 patients with colorectal polypus curatively resected and 373 polypi in total.There were 11 (3.5％) patients subjected to post-polypectomy hemorrhage in rectum.Regression analysis showed that the independent risk factor of postpolypectomy hemorrhage in rectum was the hypertension of patients (P ＜ 0.01 ) and this hemorrhage had no significant correlations with patientg'ender,age,size of polypus,pathological characteristics and the methods of polypectomy.Conclusions Hypertension of patients is an independent risk factor in post-polypectomy hemorrhage.

Objective: To investigate the factors affecting HIV testing among male college students with sexual behaviors, so as to provide the evidence for improving the detection of HIV testing among young college students. Methods: Four undergraduate universities and one junior college were randomly sampled from Hangzhou City using a purposive sampling method during the period between September and November, 2021, and male students with self-reported sexual behaviors were recruited as study students. Participants' demographics, AIDS-related knowledge, sexual behaviors and HIV testing were collected using questionnaires, and factors affecting HIV testing using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 720 male college students with sexual behaviors were enrolled, including 180 freshmen (25.00%), 178 sophomores (24.72%), 163 juniors (22.64%), 50 seniors (6.94%) and 149 postgraduates (20.69%), and 94 students received HIV testing (13.06%), including 57.45% receiving self-testing. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified postgraduates (OR=0.302, 95%CI: 0.127-0.719), sexual orientation (homosexual, OR=0.090, 95%CI: 0.028-0.294; bisexual/uncertain, OR=0.181, 95%CI: 0.066-0.495), awareness of HIV testing (low awareness, OR=0.411, 95%CI: 0.176-0.957; moderate awareness, OR=0.305, 95%CI: 0.123-0.757; high awareness, OR=0.087, 95%CI: 0.032-0.235) as factors affecting HIV testing among male college students with sexual behaviors. Conclusions The prevalence of HIV testing correlates with awareness of HIV testing among male college students with sexual behaviors. Improvements in health education of HIV testing and accessibility of HIV testing services are recommended.

Objective To identify the status and risky factors of anal sexual intention in casual sex behavior in Zhejiang province. Methods Stratified cluster sampling was conducted among college students in 13 colleges in 11 cities between October to November, 2018. 482 students were enrolled who self?reported"heterosexuality"and"ever had casual sex behavior". A self?designed network questionnaire was complimented containing basic information, knowledge of HIV, sexual behavior. Chi?square test was used to compared the difference of anal sex intention between different characteristic. The multivariate logistic regression methods was used to analyze the influence factors. Results Among 482 students, the age was (20±1.442) years old. And 87.3% (421) were male and 29.0% (140) were from other province. The rate of anal sex intention were 19.4% (94/482) in total, with the rates of 38.1% (24/63) and 14.4% (53/367) in students with sexual number more than 5 and less than 5 (P<0.001), separately. Compared with students searching casual sexual partner with non?internet access (17.0%, 16/201), students searching sexual partner with internet access had higher risk of anal sex practice (27.8%, 78/281) (P<0.001). The rate of anal sex practice among students reporting"ever had casual sex after drinking"and"never had casual sex after drinking"were 30.5% (64/210) and 9.4% (25/266) (P<0.001). The multivariate logistic regression results revealed that compared with students searching casual sexual partner with non?internet access and reporting"never had casual sex after drinking", subjects searching sexual partner with internet access ( OR (95%CI )=2.65 (1.34-5.23)) and "ever had casual sex after drinking" OR (95%CI )=3.02 (1.65-5.33) were more likely had higher risk of anal sex practice. Conclusion Heterosexual college students in Zhejiang Province tend to have anal intercourse with causal sexual partners. Searching for causal sexual partners on internet or mobile phone dating software and having temporary sexual behavior after drinking were correlated factors.

Objective To identify the status and risky factors of anal sexual intention in casual sex behavior in Zhejiang province. Methods Stratified cluster sampling was conducted among college students in 13 colleges in 11 cities between October to November, 2018. 482 students were enrolled who self?reported"heterosexuality"and"ever had casual sex behavior". A self?designed network questionnaire was complimented containing basic information, knowledge of HIV, sexual behavior. Chi?square test was used to compared the difference of anal sex intention between different characteristic. The multivariate logistic regression methods was used to analyze the influence factors. Results Among 482 students, the age was (20±1.442) years old. And 87.3% (421) were male and 29.0% (140) were from other province. The rate of anal sex intention were 19.4% (94/482) in total, with the rates of 38.1% (24/63) and 14.4% (53/367) in students with sexual number more than 5 and less than 5 (P<0.001), separately. Compared with students searching casual sexual partner with non?internet access (17.0%, 16/201), students searching sexual partner with internet access had higher risk of anal sex practice (27.8%, 78/281) (P<0.001). The rate of anal sex practice among students reporting"ever had casual sex after drinking"and"never had casual sex after drinking"were 30.5% (64/210) and 9.4% (25/266) (P<0.001). The multivariate logistic regression results revealed that compared with students searching casual sexual partner with non?internet access and reporting"never had casual sex after drinking", subjects searching sexual partner with internet access ( OR (95%CI )=2.65 (1.34-5.23)) and "ever had casual sex after drinking" OR (95%CI )=3.02 (1.65-5.33) were more likely had higher risk of anal sex practice. Conclusion Heterosexual college students in Zhejiang Province tend to have anal intercourse with causal sexual partners. Searching for causal sexual partners on internet or mobile phone dating software and having temporary sexual behavior after drinking were correlated factors.

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of temporary heterosexual behaviors among male college students through Internet dating, so as to provide insights into HIV/AIDS control among young college students. Methods: A total of 15 universities/colleges were sampled from Zhejiang Province using a stratified cluster sampling method, and 3 schools/departments were sampled from each university/college. Male college students with temporary heterosexual behaviors during the past year were recruited. Participants' demographics, AIDS-related knowledge, compliance to HIV/AIDS interventions, Internet dating and sexual behaviors were collected, and the characteristics of male college students with Internet dating were analyzed. Results : A total of 326 students were enrolled, including 202 participants from regular institutions of higher education (61.96%) and 124 students from higher vocational colleges (38.04%). There were 79 freshmen (24.23%), 99 sophomores (30.37%), 104 juniors (31.90%) and 44 seniors (13.50%), and there were 100 participants (30.67%) with temporary heterosexual behaviors through Internet dating during the past year. Among the 100 participants, there were 75.00% of participants knowing “man who have sex with man is the main transmission pattern of AIDS among young students in China”, 93.00% knowing “insisting on accurate use of condoms may reduce the risk of HIV infections and transmission” and 93.00% knowing “seeking HIV testing and counseling actively following high-risk behaviors”. There were 77 participants (77.00%) with students as their temporary heterosexual partners, 17 participants (17.00%) that had received HIV self-testing and 17 participants (17.00%) that had received HIV testing in medical institutions, 22 participants (22.00%) that had never used condoms during temporary heterosexual behaviors during the past year, and 29 participants (29.00%) with commercial sexual behaviors during the past year. In addition, male college students with temporary heterosexual behaviors through Internet dating were more unlikely to use condoms and more likely to have commercial sexual behaviors than those with dating through other ways (P<0.05). Conclusions Male college students with temporary heterosexual behaviors through Internet dating are more likely to have high-risk sexual behaviors than those with dating through other ways. Internet-based mobile sexual education and HIV/AIDS health education are recommended.

Objective:To construct the molecular transmission network of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic strains in northern Zhejiang Province (Jiaxing City and Huzhou City) and to explore the HIV-1 transmission characteristics in this region.Methods:A total of 371 newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients in Jiaxing City and Huzhou City in 2017 were included as study subjects, and the blood samples were collected and the basic demographic and epidemiological information were obtained. RNA in plasma was extracted, and the pol region gene sequence was amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to construct phylogenetic tree for identifying subtypes. The pairwise genetic distances were calculated, and the optimal threshold of genetic distance was selected, and finally the molecular transmission network was constructed. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results:The pol region gene sequences of 336 samples were successfully obtained, and 11 subtypes were detected, mainly including circulating recombinant form (CRF)07_BC (40.8%, 137/336) and CRF01_AE (31.2%, 105/336). Based on the 1.0% genetic distance threshold, the molecular transmission network of HIV-1 was plotted. A total of 38 transmission clusters (cluster sizes ranging from two to 28) including 119 patients were found, with males predominantly (82.4%, 98/119) and most of the patients aged over 40 (include 40) years old (52.9%, 63/119), mainly infected with CRF07_BC subtype (57.1%, 68/119) and CRF01_AE (24.4%, 29/119). The clustering rate of CRF07_BC (49.6%, 68/137) was significantly higher than that of CRF01_AE (27.6%, 29/105), the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=5.27, P=0.022). Two large clusters C1 (28 cases) and C2 (11 cases) were identified, the majority of which were men who have sex with men (17 cases and seven cases, respectively). High-risk cases generally sought sexual partners in local or nearby cities through mobile phone dating software, of which the infected sequences mostly had high homology with other economic developed regions (Guangdong Province, Beijing City and Hangzhou City, etc.). Conclusions:The HIV-1 subtypes are diverse in Jiaxing City and Huzhou City, mainly CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE. The HIV-1 transmission networks are complex, among which high-risk cases may be the key factor leading to the HIV-1 epidemic in the region. Therefore, it is urgent to deepen the transmission network monitoring and formulate timely precise intervention and prevention strategies.

Objective To understand the distribution of HIV-1 subtype diversity and its transmission characteristics in Zhejiang province. Methods A total of 302 newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive patients were selected through stratified random sampling in Zhejiang in 2015. HIV-1 pol genes were sequenced successfully with reverse transcription PCR/nested PCR and phylogenetic analysis was conducted for 276 patients. Then a molecular epidemiologic study was performed combined with field epidemiological investigation. Results Of 276 sequence samples analyzed, 122 CRF07_BC strains (44.2%), 103 CRF01_AE strains (37.3%), 17 CRF08_BC strains (6.1%), 9 B strains (3.2%), 6 CRF55_01B strains (2.2%), 5 C strains (1.8%), 1 CRF59_01B strain (0.4%), 1 CRF67_01B strain (0.4%), 1 A1 strain (0.4%), and 11 URFs strains (4.0%) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 16 clusters with only 15.1% (34/225) sequences involved among CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE strains. The clustered cases in MSM were higher than that in populations with other transmission routes. And clusters existed between the populations with different transmission routes. Conclusion The major strains of HIV-1 in Zhejiang are CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE. The HIV subtypes showed more complexity in Zhejiang. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance for HIV subtypes, carry out classified management and conduct effective prevention and control in the population at high risk.

Objective To understand the characteristics of distribution on HIV-1 subtypes and the transmission clusters in Yiwu in Zhejiang province.Methods A cross-sectional study of molecular epidemiology was carried out on newly reported H1V/AIDS cases in Yiwu.RNA was extracted from 168 plasma samples,followed by RT-PCR and nest-PCR for pol gene amplification,sequencing,phylogenetic tree construction used for analyzing the subtypes and transmission clusters.Mutations on drug resistance was analyzed by CPR 6.0 online tool.Results Subjects were mainly males (86.3％,145/168),with average age as (39.1 ± 13.4) years old and most of them were migrants (66.7％,112/168).The major routes of transmission included homosexual (51.2％,86/168) and heterosexual (48.8％,82/168) contacts.The rate of success for sequence acquisition was 89.9％ (151/168).The dominant subtypes showed as CRF01_AE (74,49.0％) and CRF07_BC (64,42.4％),followed by CRF08_BC (5,3.3％),CRF55_01B (3,2.0％),each case of subtype B,CRF45_cpx,CRF59_01B,CRF85_BC and URF (B/C).CRF45_cpx and CRF85_BC were discovered the first time in Zhejiang province.Twenty-six transmission clusters involving 65 cases were found,with the total clustered rate as 43.0％ (65/151),in which the CRF01_AE clustered rate appeared as 54.1％ (40/74),higher than that of CRF07_BC (21/64,32.8％).The average size of cluster was 2.5 cases/cluster,with average size of cluster in CRF01_AE patients infected through heterosexual transmission as the largest (3.5 cases/cluster).The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance was 4.6％ (7/151).Seven cases with surveillance drug resistant mutations (SDRM) were found,including 5 cases of M46L (3.3％),and one case of F77L or Y181C.Conclusion HIV genetic diversity and a variety of transmission clusters had been noticed in this study area (Yiwu).Programs on monitoring the subtypes and transmission clusters should be continued and strengthened.

Objective: To evaluate the third round of Zhejiang Comprehensive AIDS Response (CARES) program (nine national areas and three provincial areas) and the control effect of AIDS, so as to provide reference for AIDS prevention and control. Methods: According to the final assessment protocol of the third round of China CARES, the data of 23 assessment items which were collected from online database and field investigation for 12 response areas of Zhejiang in 2014 and 2018 were evaluated. The endemic situation and detection of AIDS in CARES areas was compared with those in non-CARES areas, in order to evaluate the achievement of Zhejiang CARES areas. Results: The rates of reaching the standard ranged from 91.30% to 100.00% in 12 CARES areas. Six indexes in leadership and innovation, fifteen (seventeen in total) indexes in HIV/AIDS control and prevention reached the standard. The items that failed included the awareness rates of AIDS and indicators in “prevention and intervention”. The rates of of reaching the standard in “publicity and education”, “monitoring and testing”, “prevention and intervention”, and “treatment and follow-up” increased from 55.56%, 79.17%, 79.76% and 65.00% in 2014 to 91.67%, 100.00%, 90.48% and 100.00% in 2018, respectively. The proportion of HIV testing people in permanent residents was 30.94% in CARES areas in 2018, which was significantly higher than 20.70% in non-CARES areas (P<0.05). The proportion of new reported HIV/AIDS in CARES areas was 50.87%, and the average increase was 4.48%, which was lower than 9.95% in non-CARES areas. Conclusion The third round of Zhejiang CARES program has remarkable achievement and plays a positive role in the prevention and control of AIDS.