Objective To observe the effect of intra-articular injection of CM-chitosan on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and nitric synthase expression in rat osteoarthritis cartilage,and to explore the mechanism of inhibition of joint destruction.Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:A,B,C,12 in each group.Group A was the sham group,group B,C rats had the medial collateral ligaments cut off and part of medial meniscus were removed to establish osteoarthristis model.Group C rats were injected with 3％ carboxymethyl chitosan intra-articularly 0.15 mg/kg 5 weeks later,and then repeated injection every 1 week.Animals were sacrificed 11 weeks after surgery.The gross changes of cartilage and the expression of NF-κB (P65) were compared by immunohistochemistry,the protein expression of I-κB and P65 in nucleus were detected by Western-bloting.Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein expres-sion were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot.The general score of cartilage was analyzed by H test,the rest data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA.Results The cartilage degeneration scores pf group C (intra-articular injection of CM-chitosan group) were significantly less than those of group B.The protein expression of NF-κB of the articular cartilage in group C (106±7)was significantly lower than group B (147±8),the I-κB degradation was inhibited significantly in group C,and the expression of iNOS mRNA and iNOS protein were reduced in OA art~icular cartilage of arthritis rat chondrocytes,therefore,it had protective effect on articular cartilage.Conclusion CMC may inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting the degradation of I-κB in cartilage,which reduces iNOS mRNA and protein expression in rat osteoarthritis cartilage,thereby protects rat osteoarthritis cartilage cells.

Objective: To investigate the factors affecting HIV testing among male college students with sexual behaviors, so as to provide the evidence for improving the detection of HIV testing among young college students. Methods: Four undergraduate universities and one junior college were randomly sampled from Hangzhou City using a purposive sampling method during the period between September and November, 2021, and male students with self-reported sexual behaviors were recruited as study students. Participants' demographics, AIDS-related knowledge, sexual behaviors and HIV testing were collected using questionnaires, and factors affecting HIV testing using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 720 male college students with sexual behaviors were enrolled, including 180 freshmen (25.00%), 178 sophomores (24.72%), 163 juniors (22.64%), 50 seniors (6.94%) and 149 postgraduates (20.69%), and 94 students received HIV testing (13.06%), including 57.45% receiving self-testing. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified postgraduates (OR=0.302, 95%CI: 0.127-0.719), sexual orientation (homosexual, OR=0.090, 95%CI: 0.028-0.294; bisexual/uncertain, OR=0.181, 95%CI: 0.066-0.495), awareness of HIV testing (low awareness, OR=0.411, 95%CI: 0.176-0.957; moderate awareness, OR=0.305, 95%CI: 0.123-0.757; high awareness, OR=0.087, 95%CI: 0.032-0.235) as factors affecting HIV testing among male college students with sexual behaviors. Conclusions The prevalence of HIV testing correlates with awareness of HIV testing among male college students with sexual behaviors. Improvements in health education of HIV testing and accessibility of HIV testing services are recommended.

Objective : To investigate the factors affecting multiple sexual partner behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) at ages of 16 to 24 years in Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the integrated interventions for HIV/AIDS among adolescents. Methods : The demographic features, sexual behaviors and HIV testing were collected from MSM at ages of 16 to 24 years in Zhejiang Province through the Management Information System of China AIDS Fund for Non-governmental Organizations (CAFNGO) in 2021. The factors affecting multiple sexual partner behaviors were identified among MSM at ages of 16 to 24 years using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results : A total of 1 253 participants were enrolled, with a mean age of (21.16±2.06) years. There were 1 219 unmarried respondents (97.29%), 807 (64.61%) with diploma and above, 250 (19.95%) with multiple sexual partners during the past 3 months, 344 (27.45%) with unprotected sexual behaviors in the past 3 months, 71 (5.67%) that had used rush or new drugs, 511 (40.78%) that were unaware of their sexual partners' HIV infections, 28 (2.23%) with symptoms or diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases, and 35 (2.79%) with positive HIV testing. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age (19 years-, OR=2.563, 95%CI: 1.404-4.679; 22 to 24 years, OR=2.149, 95%CI: 1.180-3.913), having unprotected sexual behaviors in the past 3 months (OR=5.338, 95%CI: 3.938-7.237), having used rush or new drugs in the past 3 months (OR=3.669, 95%CI: 2.142-6.286), unaware of sexual partners' HIV infections(OR=1.402, 95%CI: 1.032-1.903), and positive HIV tests (OR=2.763, 95%CI: 1.298-5.880) as factors affecting multiple sexual behaviors among MSM at ages of 16 to 24 years. Conclusions The multiple sexual behaviors correlate with age, unprotected sexual behaviors, use of rush or new drugs and unawareness of sexual partners' HIV infections among MSM at ages of 16 to 24 years.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of carboxymethylated chitosan (CMCS) on nitric oxide (NO) induced apoptosis in rat chondrocytes, and the probable roles and mechanisms of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in these process.Methods Rat knee articular cartilage was used as the source of chondrocytes, the cells were identified by immunohistochemical staining against collagen type Ⅱ, odium nitroprusside (SNP, 3 mmol/L) was used to establish the apoptotic models of chondrocytes.Cells were divided into four groups: the control group, the SNP-induced group, the SNP+CMCS treated group, the SNP+CMCS+PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin treated group.Cell proliferation were assessed by cell proliferation assay kit (CCK-8), the apoptotic rate of chondrocytes was determined by FCM with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, the expression levels of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 mRNA were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, the expression of Akt and p-Akt protein levels was detected by Western blotting analysis.One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical analysis was used to calculate the data.Results Three mmol/L SNP can inhibit proliferation (0.221±0.023), and the proliferation was reduced by 70％ compared with the control group (0.736±0.032, F=8.203, P=0.021);and the induced apoptosis in cultured chondrocytes could be observed.The apoptotic rate was (68.8±5.2)％.Increased MMP-3 and decreased TIMP-1 mRNA expression were observed in SNP-induced cells.After adding CMCS to SNP-induced chondrocytes, the proliferation was increased while apoptotic rate was decreased, the apoptotic rate decreased to (14.7±2.3)％.CMCS could promote the activation of p-Akt in SNP-induced chondrocytes and restore SNP-induced MMP-13 and TIMP-1 mRNA expression.Conclusion CMCS could protect apoptosis in SNP induced chon-drocvtes via activation of PI3K/Akt pathwav.

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of AHFtest-based HIV antibody self-testing among male adolescents at ages of 15 to 24 years, so as to provide insights into the promotion of HIV antibody self-testing. Methods: Data were collected from male adolescents at ages of 15 to 24 years that applied for HIV antibody self-testing in the AHFtest platform from 2019 to 2021, with mailing address showing as Zhejiang Province, and demographics, applying cause and testing results were analyzed. Results: A total of 268 male adolescents were enrolled, with a median age of 22.00 (interquartile range, 3.00) years. There were 160 cases with an educational level of junior college/bachelor (59.70%), 147 students (54.85%), 175 men who had sex with men (65.30%), and 126 cases with a history of previous HIV antibody self-testing (47.01%). The main causes for applying for HIV antibody self-testing through AHFtest were "easy to operate" (259 cases, 96.64%) and "privacy protect" (102 cases, 38.06%). There were 203 subjects that applied once HIV antibody self-testing (75.75%), and 65 subjects that applied multiple self-testing (24.25%). There were 123 subjects that uploaded their test results (45.90%), including 3 cases with HIV antibody positive, and 125 subjects that did not tell others the self-testing results (46.64%). Conclusions Among male applicants at ages of 15 to 24 years in Zhejiang Province from 2019 to 2021, students are predominant occupation. Easy to operate and privacy protect are the main cause for the application, but the proportion of detection results uploading is relatively low.

To mask the bitterness of azithromycin（AZI） and improve patient compliance, an AZI-loaded microsphere (AZI-EC MS) for oral administration was prepared by O/W emulsion solvent evaporation with ethylcellulose (EC) as carrier. The release profiles and taste-masking effect of AZI-EC MS were preliminarily assessed. Its physical properties and morphology were then investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the polymer weight of EC could influence the drug release behavior. With a drug polymer ratio of 1∶1 and mixed EC (N22/T10, 7∶3) as carrier, the cumulative release of AZI-EC MS at 0.5 h was less than 40% and reached 90% at 8 h; the drug loading efficiency of microspheres was (48.95 ± 0.86)% with smooth spherical morphology. The AZI bitterness threshold is 9.93 μg/mL with a strong bitter taste, which indicated a better taste masking effect. Therefore, AZI-EC MS prepared in this study can mask AZI bitterness and improve patient compliance, setting the stage for the research of new AZI preparations.

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of temporary heterosexual behaviors among male college students through Internet dating, so as to provide insights into HIV/AIDS control among young college students. Methods: A total of 15 universities/colleges were sampled from Zhejiang Province using a stratified cluster sampling method, and 3 schools/departments were sampled from each university/college. Male college students with temporary heterosexual behaviors during the past year were recruited. Participants' demographics, AIDS-related knowledge, compliance to HIV/AIDS interventions, Internet dating and sexual behaviors were collected, and the characteristics of male college students with Internet dating were analyzed. Results : A total of 326 students were enrolled, including 202 participants from regular institutions of higher education (61.96%) and 124 students from higher vocational colleges (38.04%). There were 79 freshmen (24.23%), 99 sophomores (30.37%), 104 juniors (31.90%) and 44 seniors (13.50%), and there were 100 participants (30.67%) with temporary heterosexual behaviors through Internet dating during the past year. Among the 100 participants, there were 75.00% of participants knowing “man who have sex with man is the main transmission pattern of AIDS among young students in China”, 93.00% knowing “insisting on accurate use of condoms may reduce the risk of HIV infections and transmission” and 93.00% knowing “seeking HIV testing and counseling actively following high-risk behaviors”. There were 77 participants (77.00%) with students as their temporary heterosexual partners, 17 participants (17.00%) that had received HIV self-testing and 17 participants (17.00%) that had received HIV testing in medical institutions, 22 participants (22.00%) that had never used condoms during temporary heterosexual behaviors during the past year, and 29 participants (29.00%) with commercial sexual behaviors during the past year. In addition, male college students with temporary heterosexual behaviors through Internet dating were more unlikely to use condoms and more likely to have commercial sexual behaviors than those with dating through other ways (P<0.05). Conclusions Male college students with temporary heterosexual behaviors through Internet dating are more likely to have high-risk sexual behaviors than those with dating through other ways. Internet-based mobile sexual education and HIV/AIDS health education are recommended.

This research aims at the process of three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction from medical body data using VRML and VC++, JavaScript language and focuses on the application of VRML for 3D reconstruction of medical digital images. The 2D medical digital images firstly are modified in VC++ language. Then, the images are manipulated by mould built in VRML and modified in JavaScript language. Finally, the 3D reconstruction of body internal organs can be formed in high quality near to those got in traditional methods. Furthermore, VRML browser can offer better windows of man-computer interaction in real time environment. As a new method and tool quite different from traditional ways of 3D reconstruction, VRML is useful for the visualization of medical 3D reconstruction based on 2D images and has a promising prospect in the field of medical image.
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Programming Languages ; Software

OBJECTIVE:To investigate drug combination in outpatient prescriptions of hypertension patients in our hospital, provide reference for rational drug use in clinic. METHODS:The outpatient prescriptions of patients diagnosed as hypertension dur-ing Jan. 1st to Feb. 1st in 2015 were collected from the hospital. The prescriptions of two or more than two drugs were screened, and the prescriptions of drug combination containing CYP enzyme substrate,inhibitor or inducer were recorded. Guided by metabol-ic enzymology theory,the potential metabolic drug interactions in prescriptions were evaluated on the basis of relevant literature and data reports. RESULTS:Totally 1042 prescriptions were consulted. The prescriptions of the combined medication were 551, and the potential metabolic drug-drug interactions were detected at 249 prescriptions,accounting for 45.2％. Main CYP enzyme sub-types were CYP3A4,CYP2C9,CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Totally 214 prescriptions were correlated with CYP3A4,accounting for 85.9％ of drug interaction prescriptions;CYP3A4 substrate combined with substrate in 199 prescriptions,with inhibitor in 27 pre-scriptions,and with inducer in 11 prescriptions. Totally 27 prescriptions were correlated with CYP2C9,accounting for 10.8％ of drug interaction prescriptions;CYP2C9 substrate combined with substrate in 8 prescriptions,and with inhibitor in 20 prescriptions. Totally 27 prescriptions were correlated with CYP2D6,accounting for 10.8％ of drug interaction prescriptions;CYP2D6 substrate combined with substrate in 15 prescriptions,and with inhibitor in 12 prescriptions. Totally 4 prescriptions were correlated with CYP2C19,accounting for 1.6％ of drug interaction prescriptions;CYP2C9 substrate combined with inhibitor in 2 prescriptions, and with inducer in 2 prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS:Many metabolic drug-drug interactions are detected in the outpatient prescrip-tions of hypertension patients in our hospital. In order to improve the rationality and safety of the prescription,clinicians and phar-macists should pay attention to the drug combinations with drug-drug interactions which have been reported in the existing litera-ture,and choose similar drugs without or with little interactions.

This study sought to assess the therapeutic effect of celecoxib (CEL)-loaded polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) microspheres on rheumatoid arthritis in rats after intra-articular injection.The celecoxib-loaded microspheres (CEL-MS) were prepared by the O/W solvent volatilization method with PLGA as carrier.In order to investigate the therapeutic effect of CEL-MS on rheumatoid arthritis in rats after intra-articular injection, a rat model of adjuvant arthritis (AA) was constructed by complete Freund''s adjuvant, and the evaluation indicators of the therapeutic effect were rat paw swelling, arthritis index,spleen index and joint synovial histopathological examination. The results showed that the microspheres had a smooth spherical morphology with a particle size of (2.1 ± 0.3) μm and a drug loading efficiency of (20.8 ± 0.6)%.The results of the in vivo efficacy test showed that intra-articular injection of CEL-MS compared to the CEL suspension oral and the celecoxib suspension intra-articular injection in adjuvant arthritis rat model can significantly reduce joint swelling and arthritis index, thus effectively inhibiting synovial inflammation.The above results indicate that intra-articular injection of CEL-MS has a good therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis in rats.