Objective To investigate the current situation of maternal breastfeeding after the childbirth in Shanghai and analyze its influencing factors, so as to improve breastfeeding.Methods In this study, longitudinal follow-up and questionnaire designed based on the hospital were carried out on pregnant women at the outpatient department in eight baby-friendly hospitals of Shanghai from October 2015 to January 2016. The questionnaires included demographic characteristics and their prospective feeding method after the childbirth. Pregnant women were followed up until the delivery was finished. At the time of hospitalization discharge,they were given the 2nd questionnaire containing the basic situation after the delivery and the actual breastfeeding behavior situation.Results The rates of pregnant women with the intention of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding during the third trimester were 82.5% and 82.3% respectively. After the delivery,56.4% (399/707) of mothers were breastfeeding. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that,for primipara group, breastfeeding behavior after the delivery was related to five factors:the breastfeeding intention in third trimester, age,household register,the time of onset of lactation and whether the baby was in the care unit;for multiparas group,breastfeeding behavior was related to two factors:the time of onset of lactation and whether the baby was in the care unit.Conclusions Health care workers should attach importance to the promotion of breastfeeding during pregnancy for primipara group and pay attention to the health education of the mothers with registeredpermanent residence of Shanghai. During the hospitalization,health care workers should strictly implement the "early sucking,early contact" as the baby-friendly hospital required,strengthen the breastfeeding knowledge and skill training for mothers whose babies are in the maternal care unit,ensure the normal lactation of mothers without their babies so as to improve the early breast-feeding rate after the delivery.