OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of oral desmopressin administration for nocturia and sleeping in brain injured patients and to confirm its safety. METHOD: 20 brain injured patients waking up more than twice a night for urination during sleeping have been subjected to take 0.1 mg of desmopressin at 9 p.m. everyday for 30 days. To analyze the effect of the drug before and after its administration, the frequency of patient's awakening for urination, duration of time to first urination after sleeping, total urination volume during sleeping and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were evaluated. All newly found symptoms one month after taking the medication were recorded to confirm the safety of the drug. RESULTS: After taking the medication, the mean urination frequency of 20 patients was reduced from 2.4 to 1.4, the mean duration of time to the first urination after sleeping was increased from 3.4 hours to 4.9 hours (p<0.01). The mean PSQI score of 20 patients was decreased from 9.7 to 4.8 (p<0.01). 2 patients had side effects (hyponatremia, headache). CONCLUSION: The oral administration of desmopressin was relatively safe and effective on brain injured patients with nocturia.
Administration, Oral ; Brain ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin ; Humans ; Nocturia ; Urination

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that sample their environment and present antigens to naive T lymphocytes for the subsequent antigen-specific immune responses. DCs exist in a range of distinct subpopulations including plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and classical DCs (cDCs), with the latter consisting of the cDC1 and cDC2 lineages. Although the roles of DC-specific transcription factors across the DC subsets have become understood, the posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate DC development are yet to be elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in a myriad of biological processes, but their contribution to the immune system is just beginning to surface. In this study, our in-house probe collection was screened to identify miRNAs possibly involved in DC development and function by targeting the transcripts of relevant mouse transcription factors. Examination of DC subsets from the culture of mouse bone marrow with Flt3 ligand identified high expression of miR-124 which was able to target the transcript of TCF4, a transcription factor critical for the development and homeostasis of pDCs. Further expression profiling of mouse DC subsets isolated from in vitro culture as well as via ex vivo purification demonstrated that miR-124 was outstandingly expressed in CD24+ cDC1 cells compared to in pDCs and CD172alpha+ cDC2 cells. These results imply that miR-124 is likely involved in the processes of DC subset development by posttranscriptional regulation of a transcription factor(s).
Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells ; Biological Processes ; Bone Marrow ; Dendritic Cells* ; Gene Expression ; Homeostasis ; Immune System ; Mice ; MicroRNAs ; RNA Interference ; T-Lymphocytes ; Transcription Factors

Viperin is a multifunctional protein that was first identified in human primary macrophages treated with interferon-γ and in human fibroblasts infected with human cytomegalovirus. This protein plays a role as an anti-viral protein and a regulator of cell signaling pathways or cellular metabolism when induced in a variety of cells such as fibroblasts, hepatocytes and immune cells including T cells and dendritic cells. However, the role of viperin in macrophages is unknown. Here, we show that viperin is basally expressed in murine bone marrow cells including monocytes. Its expression is maintained in bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophages (BMDMs) depending on macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) treatment but not on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment. In wild type (WT) and viperin knockout (KO) BMDMs differentiated with M-CSF or G-MCSF, there are little differences at the gene expression levels of M1 and M2 macrophage markers such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase-1, and cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10, indicating that viperin expression in BMDMs does not affect the basal gene expression of macrophage markers and cytokines. However, when BMDMs are completely polarized, the levels of expression of macrophage markers and secretion of cytokines in viperin KO M1 and M2 macrophages are significantly higher than those in WT M1 and M2 macrophages. The data suggest that viperin plays a role as a regulator in polarization of macrophages and secretion of M1 and M2 cytokines.
Bone Marrow ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Cytokines* ; Cytomegalovirus ; Dendritic Cells ; Fibroblasts ; Gene Expression ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Hepatocytes ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-6 ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Macrophages* ; Metabolism ; Monocytes ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; T-Lymphocytes

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) are generated from bone marrow (BM) cells cultured with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for a week. In this study we investigated the effect of duration on the BM culture with GM-CSF. Within several months, the cells in the BM culture gradually expressed homogeneous levels of CD11c and major histocompatibility complex II on surface, and they became unable to stimulate allogeneic naïve T cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). In addition, when the BM culture were sustained for 32 wk or longer, the BM cells acquired ability to suppress the proliferation of allogeneic T cells in MLR as well as the response of ovalbumin-specific OT-I transgenic T cells in antigen-dependent manner. We found that, except for programmed death-ligand 1, most cell surface molecules were expressed lower in the BM cells cultured with GM-CSF for the extended duration. These results indicate that BM cells in the extended culture with GM-CSF undergo 2 distinct steps of functional change; first, they lose the immunostimulatory capacity; and next, they gain the immunosuppressive ability.
Bone Marrow* ; Dendritic Cells ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Granulocytes* ; Immunosuppression ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; T-Lymphocytes

To this date, the criteria to distinguish peritoneal macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are not clear. Here we delineate the subsets of myeloid mononuclear cells in the mouse peritoneal cavity. Considering phenotypical, functional, and ontogenic features, peritoneal myeloid mononuclear cells are divided into 5 subsets: large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs), small peritoneal macrophages (SPMs), DCs, and 2 MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺ subpopulations (i.e., MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁻CD206⁻ and MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁺CD206⁺). Among them, 2 subsets of competent Ag presenting cells are demonstrated with distinct functional characteristics, one being DCs and the other being MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁻CD206⁻ cells. DCs are able to promote fully activated T cells and superior in expanding cytokine producing inflammatory T cells, whereas MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁻CD206⁻ cells generate partially activated T cells and possess a greater ability to induce Treg under TGF-β and retinoic acid conditions. While the development of DCs and MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁻CD206⁻ cells are responsive to the treatment of FLT3 ligand and GM-CSF, the number of LPMs, SPMs, and MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁺CD206⁺ cells are only influenced by the injection of GM-CSF. In addition, the analysis of gene expression profiles among MHCII⁺ peritoneal myeloid mononuclear cells reveals that MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁺CD206⁺ cells share high similarity with SPMs, whereas MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁻CD206⁻ cells are related to peritoneal DC2s. Collectively, our study identifies 2 distinct subpopulations of MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺ cells, 1) MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁻CD206⁻ cells closely related to peritoneal DC2s and 2) MHCII⁺CD11c⁺CD115⁺CD14⁺CD206⁺ cells to SPMs.
Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Dendritic Cells ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Macrophages ; Macrophages, Peritoneal ; Mice ; Peritoneal Cavity ; T-Lymphocytes ; Transcriptome ; Tretinoin