In order to explore the significance of enterovirus environmental surveillance of sewage,two sewage treatment plants in Fuzhou City were selected as sentinel surveillance sites.One sewage sample was collected from entrance of each plant every month,and total 48 samples were studied from 2013 to 2014 in Fuzhou City.Using the RD,L20B and Hep-2 cell lines to isolate the viruses,44 of the 48 sewage samples (91.67％) were positive,268 strains were isolated which covered at least 22 enterovirus serotypes.The peak season of virus isolation from sewage was in February and July which was two months earlier than patient surveillance.Eehovirus type 7 (Echo 7) was the predominant serotype in 2013 with 58 isolations (43.61％),and in 2014 echovirus type 6 (ECHO 6) became the predominant serotype with 85 isolates (62.96％),among the strains isolated from sewage sample.Phylogenetic analysis found that the predominant serotype Echo 6 and Echo 7 isolated from sewage were more diversified than that from clinical cases during the same period,and were high homology with isolates form patients which belong to same branch in phylogenetic tree.In conclusion,enterovirus environmental sewage surveillance is an effective approach,and could be more sensitive than patient surveillance.

Hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) is an autosomal recessive liver disease associated with copper metabolism disorders. Mutations in the ATP7B gene on chromosome 13 result in impaired transmembrane transport of copper ions, which in turn leads to excessive deposition of copper in the liver, brain, cornea, kidney, and bone joints (mainly in the liver and the brain). Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly reduce tissue damage and improve the prognosis of patients. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases issued the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of HLD in 2008, and the European Association for the Study of the Liver released such guidelines in 2012. This article summarizes the recent research advances in China and foreign countries to give an overview of the treatment of HLD.

Objective: To observe and analyze the role of intestinal barrier in the pathognesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), to explain the pathogenesis of AIH and to explore the intestinal based new treatment strategies. Methods: A total of 14 AIH patients from January to December 2017 at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (six patients without liver cirrhosis, and eight patients with liver cirrhosis) and 10 healthy controls were enrolled. The serum levels of D-lactic acid (D-Lac) and diamine oxidase (DAO) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the relative expression levels of connexin (zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1), occludin), cytokines (interleukin(IL)-2, interferon(IFN)-γ, IL-4, IL-10) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in terminal ileal tissues of each group. The relative expression of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the terminal ileum was determined by Western blotting. Thirty BALB/c mice were selected and divided into blank control group, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) group, concanavalin A (ConA) group, DSS+ ConA group, and DSS+ bacterium+ ConA group, with six mice in each group. The relative expression levels of ZO-1, occludin in mouse colonic tissues, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and inflammatory activity degree of liver tissues (Knodell score) of each group were measured. T-test and one-way analysis of variance were performed for statistical analysis. Results: The serum D-Lac and DAO levels of AIH with liver cirrhosis group and AIH without liver cirrhosis group were both higher than those of healthy control group ((1 768.2±147.1) μg/L, (436.2±197.0) μg/L vs. (100.2±10.9) μg/L, and (11.5±2.5) U/L, (5.4±0.9) U/mL vs. (3.5±0.9) U/mL), and the levels of D-Lac and DAO of AIH with liver cirrhosis group were the highest; and the differences were statistically significant (t=5.512, 36.010, 4.088 and 9.443, F=396.958 and 46.640, all P<0.01). The relative expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin in the terminal ileal mucosa of AIH with liver cirrhosis group were lower than those of healthy control group (0.20±0.14 vs. 1.67±0.51, 0.12±0.09 vs. 0.90±0.21), and the relative expression of ZO-1 in AIH without liver cirrhosis group was lower than that in healthy control group (0.99±0.37 vs. 1.67±0.51); and the differences were statistically significant (t=8.641, 7.407 and 2.295, all P<0.05). The relative expression levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in terminal ileal tissues of AIH with liver cirrhosis group were higher than those of healthy control group (1.11±0.43 vs. 0.24 ±0.16, and 3.50 ± 1.90 vs. 0.32±0.30), however the relative expression of sIgA in terminal ileal tissues was lower than that of healthy control group (0.506±0.024 vs. 1.081±0.102); and the differences were statistically significant (t=4.679, 3.981 and 5.493, all P<0.05). While the relative expression levels of IL-10 in AIH with liver cirrhosis group and AIH without liver cirrhosis group were lower than that in healthy control group (0.30±0.20, 0.42±0.24 vs. 0.84± 0.23), and the relative expression levels of TLR4 in ileum mucosa of the both groups were higher than that of healthy control group (8.74 ±5.13, 6.74 ±3.65 vs. 0.89 ± 0.70); and the differences were statistically significant (t=3.095, 4.816, 3.856 and 3.685, all P<0.05). The relative expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin of DSS+ ConA group were lower than those of ConA group (0.14±0.08 vs. 0.98±0.13, and 0.09±0.02 vs. 0.98±0.16), however serum ALT, AST levels and the Knodell score were all higher than those of ConA group ((5 496.67±618.83) U/L vs. (3 325.00±1 030.06) U/L, (8 825.00±1 165.35) U/L vs. (5 433.33±1 691.14) U/L, and 18.00±2.00 vs. 9.33±3.01); and the differences were statistically significant (t=13.480, 13.520, 4.227, 4.045 and -2.892, all P<0.05). The relative expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin in DSS+ bacterium+ ConA group were higher than those in DSS+ ConA group (0.46±0.08 vs. 0.14±0.08, and 0.53±0.15 vs. 0.09±0.02), while serum ALT and AST levels were lower than those of DSS+ ConA group ((4 343.33±252.16) U/L vs. (5 496.67±618.83) U/L, and (6 123.33±1 086.60) U/L vs. (8 825.00±1 165.35) U/L); and the differences were statistically significant (t=6.928, 7.122, 4.228 and 4.153, all P<0.01). Conclusions AIH patients have increased intestinal permeability and impaired intestinal barrier which is more serious in patients with liver cirrhosis than in patients without cirrhosis. The intestinal barrier injury can aggravate ConA-induced immune-mediated liver injury. While the protection and repair of intestinal barrier can alleviate immune-mediated liver injury induced by ConA.