Objective To systematic evaluate the prevalence of secondhand smoke among Chinese mainland rural residents by meta?analysis,so as to provide reference for making relevant smoking control regulations and the carry out of targeted tobacco control action. Methods The related stud?ies were searched and collected from PubMed,CNKI,Wanfangdata,VIP and CBM database,which were published between 2001 and 2015 about the prevalence of secondhand smoke among Chinese mainland rural residents. Meta?analysis was tested by software CMA V2. Results The pooled prevalence of secondhand smoke among Chinese mainland rural residents was 46.6%(95%CI 40.5%?52.8%). Stratified analysis showed that the prevalence of secondhand smoke were 45.7%and 47.5%for male and female,45.7%and 51.1%for eastern and midwest China,22.1%、34.2%and 71.3%for public place,workplace and family,respectively. The prevalence among sex,regions,and places were statistically significant. Conclusion The prevalence of secondhand smoke among Chinese mainland rural residents was relatively high,and the prevalence of secondhand smoke was higher in women than in men,in midwest area than in eastern area,and at family than at public place and at workplace.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture plus auricular point sticking for tension-type headache (TTH). Methods: A total of 90 TTH patients were divided into an acupuncture group, an auricular point sticking group and an observation group by random number table method, with 30 cases in each group. Patients in the observation group received acupuncture plus auricular point sticking for treatment, while those in the acupuncture group only received acupuncture and those in the auricular point sticking group only received auricular point sticking for treatment. The headache attack frequency and the scores of visual analog scale (VAS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were observed before treatment, after treatment and 3 months after treatment. The clinical efficacy was evaluated at the follow-up of 3 months after treatment. Results: At follow-up, there were significant differences in clinical efficacy among the three groups (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and the clinical efficacy ranking from high to low was the observation group, the acupuncture group and the auricular point sticking group. After treatment and at follow-up, the VAS score, headache attack frequency, SAS and SDS scores in the three groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (all P<0.01). The above four results in the observation group were lower than those in the acupuncture group and the auricular point sticking group at the same time point (all P<0.01); VAS score in the acupuncture group was lower than that in the auricular point sticking group (both P<0.05). At follow-up, the headache frequency in the acupuncture group was lower than that in the auricular point sticking group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Either using acupuncture and auricular point sticking together or separately can reduce the headache degree of TTH patients, reduce the number of headache attacks, and relieve anxiety and depression. The efficacy of acupuncture plus auricular point sticking is most significant.

Objective Pathogen and antimicrobial susceptibility in children with bacterial meningitis were reviewed.Methods The positive cultures of cerebrospinal fluid samples or blood samples and its antimicrobial susceptibility were analyzed in 401 patients with the clinical diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.Results 401 cases cerebrospinal fluid samples and blood samples submitted to microbiology laboratory, 97 cases (24%) were microscopically and culturally proven to be bacterial meningitis. The most frequent pathogen was staphylococcus aureus (28%), followed by the streptococcus pneumoniae (19%) and escherichia coli (13%). Pediococci as conditioned pathogen, were found in purulent meningitis patients. One of the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was simultaneously resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin. Three isolates showed simultaneous resistance to imipenem/cilastatin.Conclusions Staphylococcus aureus as the predominant pathogens of pediatric ranks first among pediatric patients of purulent meningitis. Serious drug resistance of isolated pathogenic bacteria and its in antimicrobial susceptibility in the bacterial meningitis should be considered in clinical therapy.

To compare the measurements of axial length by A-scan ultrasound and IOLMaster.For a total of 138 eyes,axial length was measured with IOLMaster followed by contact A-scan ultrasound.Though a great correlation existed between two measurements,the axial length was a little longer with IOLMaster than with A-scan ultrasound.And the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01).The mean difference of two methods was (-0.198 ± 0.146) mm.With the elongation of axial length,the difference of two methods also increased.For cataract patients with axial length ＞ 28 mm,the control range of crror from IOLMaster for axial length was much lower than that from A-scan.Thus IOLMaster is a simple,fast,reliable and non-contact measurement method of axial length.

Objective To establish practical cell model of HCV infection, and investigate the susceptibility of a human liver cell line HepG2 to hepatitis C virus in vitro. Methods A human liver cell line HepG2 was incubated with serum from a chronic hepatitis C patient for 6～8 hours. Both the plus and minus strands of HCV RNA in infected cells or supernatant were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). The HCV NS 3,NS 5 antigens in infected cells were respectively detected with the monoclonal antibodies to antigens of their own by immunohistochemical assay. The minus strand of HCV RNA in infected cells were localized by in situ hybridization. Results The intracellular plus or minus stands of HCV RNA were first detected on day 3 post incubation and then could be intermittently detected until day 35 post incubation in cells or supernatant. The positive signals of NS 3,NS 5 antigens could be expressed within cytoplasm of infected cells. The minus strand of HCV RNA was located within cytoplasm by in situ hybridization. Conclustions These results show that a human liver cell line HepG2 is not only susceptible to HCV but also able to support its long time replication in vitro.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between classification of clinical,the infarct size in patients with acute cerebral infarction and electrocardiographic(ECG)changes.Methods The ECG were done in 216 patients with acute cerebral infarction.ECG results of the patients were analyzed according to classification of the Oxfordshire Commumity Project Criteria(OCSP)and infarct size.Results The rates of ECG abnormality in classification of OCSP were 95.5% for total anterior circulation infarction(TACI),80.4% for partial anterior circulation infarction(PACI),62.5% for posterior circulation infarction(POCI)and 48.5% for lacunar cerebral infarction(LACI).The rates of ECG abnormality of TACI and PACI were signficantly higher than that of group of LACI(P

Objective To research the relationship among the disc protrusion on MRI, sex, age, course and the clinical types. Methods MRI was performed for 102 patients. The disc protrusion was divided into three types. According to clinical types, the patients were divided into four types. Statistically, age, course, clinical type and protrusion on MRI were analyzed by SPSS13.0. Results The age was not related with the clinical types and disc protrusion on MRI. There were obvious relations between clinical types and course. There were obvious relations between clinical types and disc protrusion. Conclusion The clinical types are very important on diagnosis of disease stages and choice of therapy in treating lumbar disc protrusion.

Objective　To study the effect of aluminum on learning and memory and the synaptic interface constructure in hippocampus CA3 area in rats. Methods　The electrical maze were used to test the behavioral reaction of rats. Some parameters of synaptic interface structure were measured by the method of ultrastructural quantitative analysis in hippocampus CA3 area in the rats. Results　The time coming through the E-maze prolonged siginificantly in the experimental group compared with the normal control (P＜0.01), meanwhile the cyto-apparatus demonstrated the pathogenetic changes. Amounts of synapse obviously reduced and the post-synaptic density turned thinner in experimental group than in the control group (P＜0.01). Conclusion　Aluminum can cause the malfunction on learning and memory, which related to the plastic of synapse.

OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC-MS/MS method for determination of ASC-J9 in rat blood. METHODS: After liquid-liquid extraction, ASC-J9 was separated on a Symmetry Cl8 colume, with mobile phase of acetonitrile-water containing 0.1% formic acid and 10 mmol·L-1 ammonium for mate. The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, mass shunt was 0.4 mL·min-1, and column temperature was main tained at 35℃. Quantification was performed in positive ion multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode. RESULTS: The calibration curve of ASC-J9 had good linearity in the concentration range of 3.54-1180 ng·mL-1. The extraction recovery rate was within 83.19% to 87.27%, and the intra-day and inter-day RSDs were both less than 8.89%. CONCLUSION: This method is specific, sensitive and suitable for determination of ASC-J9 in rat blood.

Boxing/injuries* ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhages