A large amount of data generated in the study of chromatographic fingerprint of Chinese herbal medicines. Criteria selection was one of main considerations while the fingerprint analysis was conducted. Based on the published reports, several criteria of chromatographic fingerprint analysis were reviewed in this paper, including the basic parameters, criteria of peaks isolated, reproducibility of chromatogram and related criteria,criteria of optimization, criteria of stability as well as multi-phase multi-information fingerprint chromatograms, etc..

To investigate the chemical constituents of the roots of Andrographis paniculata, 28 compounds were isolated and identified from the 80% ethanol extract. There are 20 flavonoids: 5, 5'-dihydroxy-7, 8, 2'-trimetroxyflavone (1), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2', 6'-tetramethoxyflavone (2), 5, 3'-dihydroxy-7, 8, 4'-trimethoxyflavone (3), 2'-hydroxy-5, 7, 8-trimethoxyflavone (4), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2', 3', 4'-pentamethoxyflavone (6), wightin (7), 5, 2', 6'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone 2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), 5, 7, 8, 2'-tetramethoxyflavone (10), 5-hydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxyflavanone (11), 5-hydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxyflavone (12), 5, 2'-dihydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxyflavone (13), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2', 5'-tetramethoxyflavone (14), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2', 3'-tetramethoxyflavone (15), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2'-trimethoxyflavone (16), 5, 4'-dihydroxy-7, 8, 2', 3'-tetramethoxyflavone (17), dihydroneobaicalein (18), andrographidine A (19), andrographidine B (20), andrographidine C (21) and 5, 2'-dihydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxyflavone 2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (22); three diterpenoids: andrograpanin (23), neoandrographolide (24) and andrographolide (25); two phenylpropanoids: trans-cinnamic acid (26) and 4-hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (5); and oleanolic acid (9), beta-sitosterol (27) and beta-daucosterol (28). Compound 1 is a new flavone, compound 4 is a new natural product, compounds 2, 3 and 5 were isolated from the Androggraphis genus for the first time and compounds 6-9 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

This study systematically reviewed and analyzed Gentianae Szechenyii Flos((),Pangyen karpo) based on herbalism and phytotaxonomy in both ancient and modern literature.After the textual research,it was found that Pangyen of Dunhuang Tibetan medical literature was in conformity with Gentianae Szechenyii Flos recorded in Moon King and Four Tantras,for the treatment of hoarseness and some lung diseases (e.g.cough).Gentiana szechenyii Kanitz and G.algida Pall.(including var.algida and var.purdomii T.N.Ho) are the two original plants of Gentianae Szechenyii Flos,and the former has been recognized as the mainstream variety so far.This paper simultaneously pointed out some misunderstanding and confusion or contextual error in the standard for Tibetan medicine and treatises on it combining with field work and market investigation,to confirm that Pangyen was in line with Gentianae Szechenyii Flos.This study provided a reference of original plant for the safe medication and the modernization of the Tibetan medicine preparation.

In the present study, the regulation of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) on astragaloside IV biosynthesis was investigated. An intermediate expression vector consisting of the CaMV35S promoter fused to the vgb and nopaline synthase terminator was transferred into Astragalus membranaceus via Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The transgenic hairy roots were confirmed by PCR amplification and Southern blot hybridization. The expression of vgb in transgenic hairy roots was confirmed by RT-PCR. After 15 days cultivation, the dry weight and growth rate of transgenic hairy roots were higher than that of the non-transgenic hairy root. ELSD-HPLC analysis showed that astragaloside IV content of transgenic hairy roots was 5 to 6 times of non-transgenic hairy root control and 10 to 12 times of Radix Astragali from Shanxi Province. These results suggested that the expression of vgb promoted the growth of transgenic hairy roots, and increased the content of astragaloside IV.

Aim To study the chemical constituents of the underground part of Ligularia pleurocaulis (Franch.) Hand-Mazz.. Methods The dried roots and rhizomes of L.pleurocaulis were extracted with methanol. Isolation and purification were performed by silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization etc. Structures of the pure compounds were established on basis of spectral analysis. Results Twelve compounds were obtained from L.pleurocaulis, they were 6-angeloyloxy-furanoligu-larenone (1), 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-eremophila-1(10),3,7(11),8-tetraen-8,12-olide (2), tiglic acid (3), oleanolic acid (4), lupeol (5), β-sitosterol (6), daucosterol (7), caffeic acid (8), emodin (9), 7-methoxy-coumarin (10), ferulic acid (11) and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde (12). Conclusion Compound 1 is a new eremophilane and compound 2 is a new natural compound. All above compounds were obtained for the first time from L.pleurocaulis.

To study the chemical constituents of Senecio nemorensis.,12 known compounds were isolated and identified,which were niacinamide(Ⅰ),vanillin(Ⅱ),syringic acid(Ⅲ),syringalddehyde(Ⅳ),3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid(Ⅴ),4,4-dimethyl-1,7-heptanedioic acid(Ⅵ),1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde(Ⅶ),ethyl caffeate(Ⅷ),1-0-(E)-p-methoxycinnamoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(Ⅸ),(6S,7E)-6-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3,9-dione(Ⅹ),Annuionone D(Ⅺ),and(1 'S,6'R)-abscisic acid(Ⅻ),respectively.

Aim: To develop and compare the ultra-performance liquid chromatography( UPLC) and HPLC methods for the determination of dihydroflavonoids in Smilacis glabrae Rhizoma, and establish the quality evaluation system of the above-mentioned crude drug. Methods: Four dihydroflavonoids in the crude drugs collected from 15 localities were determined using the UPLC and HPLC methods, respectively. The resolution, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and the content determination results of the four compounds were compared between the two methods. Results: The UPLC method was more fast and sensitive than the HPLC method with no significant differences among the linearity range, precision, accuracy and the content determination results between the two methods. Conclusion: The developed HPLC method was proved practicable and reliable for the quality control of Smilacis glabrae Rhizoma. The UPLC method was provided to be a more sensitive, fast and solvent-saving method compared to HPLC and can be applied in the quality evaluation of Chinese medicines.

ObjectTo investigate the chemical constituents in the rhizoma of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. MethodsThe chemical constituents were isolated and purified by solvent extraction together with various chromatographic techniques. The structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical evidence and spectral data. ResultsThree compounds were isolated from the EtoAC extracts of the rhizome of B. chinensis which were isorhamnetin (Ⅹ), hispidulin (Ⅺ), dichotomitin ( ⅩⅡ); four compounds were isolated from n-BuOH extracts, which were iridin ( ⅩⅢ), tectoridin (ⅩⅣ), daucosterol ( ⅩⅤ), vittadinoside or stigmasterol-3-O-glucoside ( ⅩⅥ). ConclusionCompound Ⅺ is isolated from this medicinal plant for the first time.

Objective To explore the causes of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and its treatment.Methods From January 1998 to February 2007,totally 8600 cases of LC were performed in our hospital.Bile duct injury occurred in 36 of them,among which,the common hepatic duct was cut in 20 cases,the common bile duct was severed in 4 patients,the common hepatic duct was cut and freed in 4;incomplete clipping of the common hepatic duct or common bile duct occurred in 3 and 1 cases respectively;3 cases had injury to the conjunction of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct;electrical burn injury happened in 1 patient.Thirty one of the injured cases were detected during the laparoscopic surgery,while the other five were found because of jaundice or biliary leakage.The patients received bile duct repair and T tube drainage(24),T tube drainage(4),Roux-en-Y bowel biliary anastomosis(4),bile duct anastomosis(1),or removal of the titanium clips after the accidents.Results One of the patients who received bile duct anastomosis developed biliary stenosis after the T tube was withdrawn in 2 months after the surgery,Roux-en-Y bowel biliary anastomosis was thus performed 3 months later.Two patients who underwent Roux-en-Y anastomosis developed anastomotic stenosis after the operation,and thus received a second anastomosis in 11 months.These 3 patients who received totally 3 operations,were followed up for 2 to 3 years,none of them developed cholangitis or biliary stones.One patient in this series had refractory cholangitis,jaundice,and liver function impairment,and was cured after 1-year anti-inflammation and liver support therapy.In the other 32 patients,an 8-to 36-month follow-up(mean,16 months) was achieved,during which none of them showed any complications.Conclusions Bile duct injury can be due to lacking experience and knowledge of the complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy,inappropriate enrollment of the patients,inaccurate operation,misuse of the surgical instruments,or being unable to discern the Calot's triangle.Strict indications for the operation,advanced training for young doctors,and appropriate timing for conversion to an open surgery are necessary to decrease the rate of bile duct injury.