Objective The aim of this study was to explore the establishment method of an animal model of irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) and the evaluation of this animal model.Methods 30 adult SD rats were randomly divided into two groups: acetic acid irritation and bondage stress group ( n=10 ) , bondage stress group ( n =10 ) , and normal control group ( n=10 ) .The rats of the intervention group received an intra-colonic infusion of 0.4% acetic acid irritation combined with bondage stress to establish an animal model of IBS.The colonic sensitivity of the intervention group rats was assessed by stool test and colorectal distension ( CRD) test.Hydrochloric acid toluidine blue staining was used to observe the number degranulation phenomenon of mast cells in the ileocecum.Results On the 7th day, the number of soft feces was 8 and loose stool was 4 in the model group, significantly higher than that in the bondage stress group(0 and 0) (P<0.05),and normal control group (1 and 0) (P<0.05).On the 10th day, when the AWR=2, the average rectal distension volume was 1.2 mL, significantly lower than that in the bondage stress group(1.37mL) (P <0.05),also significantly lower than in the normal control group (1.49 mL) (P<0.05), and when the AWR=4, the average rectal distension volume was 1.49 mL, significantly lower than that in the bondage stress group(1.74mL) (P<0.05),and the normal control group (1.77 mL) (P<0.05).These results indicated that the visceral sensitivity of the model group was significantly higher than that in the bondage stress group and normal control group.Histological analysis showed that the rats of all groups had no obvious inflammatory changes.Conclusions Chronic bondage stress combined with intra-colonic infusion of 0.4%acetic acid irritation can be used to increase the visceral sensitivity and amount and degranulation of mast cells in the intestinal tissue in rats.This established rat model shows pathogenetic changes resembling the pathogenesis of human irritable bowel syndrome, and provides a useful animal model for further studies of the pathogenesis of this disease.

Objective To assess the role of the combination of Helicobacter pylori (H.polyri)antibody detection and serum pepsinogen (PG) examination (ABC method) in risk prediction of gastric cancer.Methods From July 2014 to July 2015,a total of 320 patients underwent gastroendoscopy examination because of stomach discomfort were enrolled.According to the results of serum H.polyri antibody test,PG Ⅰ and PG Ⅰ/PG Ⅱ ratio (PGR),patients were divided into four groups:group A was both H.polyri and PG negative,group B was H.polyri positive and PG negative,group C was both H.polyri and PG positive,group D was H.polyri negative and PG positive.The incidence rates of gastric cancer were compared among the groups.PG positive was defined as PG Ⅰ ≤70 μg/L and PGR≤3.0.And according to the results of gastroendoscopy examination and histopathology,the levels of gastrin 17,PG Ⅰ,PG Ⅱ and PGR of different atrophic regions with different pathological changes and atrophic degree were compared.Chi-square test and analysis of variance were performed for statistical analysis.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was used to calculate the optimal cut-off value of serum PG Ⅰ and PGR in gastric cancer diagnosis.Results Among the 320 patients,there were 159 patients in group A,124 patients in group B,23 patients in group C and 14 patients in group D,respectively.The incidence of gastric cancer in group A,group B,group C and group D were 0.63％ (1/159),4.03％ (5/124),13.04％ (3/23) and 3/14,respectively.The incidences of gastric cancer in group C and D were much higher than those in group A and B (x2 =11.700 and 21.900,both P＞0.01).Among the 320 patients,there were 179 cases in non-atrophic gastritis group,129 in atrophic gastritis group and 12 in gastric cancer group.The PG Ⅰ and PGR levels of gastric cancer group were (46.84 ± 24.07) μg/L and 3.21 ±1.45,which were lower than those of atrophic group ((100.09±48.15) μg/L and 9.78±7.32) and nonatrophic group ((103.97 ± 44.72) μg/L and 13.09 ± 9.05),and the differences were statistically significant (F=12.460 and 30.290,both P＜0.01).The PGR level of severe atrophy group was 5.62±3.00,which was significantly lower than those of moderate atrophy group (10.04 ± 6.08) and mild atrophy group (11.61±4.05).And the PGⅡ level of severe atrophy group was (18.85±10.54) μg/L,which was much higher than those of moderate atrophy group ((14.63 ± 11.19) μg/L) and mild atrophy group ((10.88 ± 7.41) μg/L),and t he differences were statistically significant (F=8.057,P＜ 0.01;F =3.374,P=0.021).The gastrin 17 level of antrum atrophy group was 2.16 pmol/L (1.12 pmol/L to 4.15 pmol/L),which was lower than those of gastric body atrophy group (4.49 pmol/L,1.88 pmol/L to 18.71 pmol/L) and whole gastric atrophy group (6.18 pmol/L,2.63 pmol/L to 17.82 pmol/L),and the differences were statistically significant (H=13.408,P＜0.01).The optimal cut-off values of PG Ⅰ and PGR for the diagnosis of gastric cancer were 66.7 μg/L and 4.45.Conclusions ABC stratification has certain value in gastric cancer screening in China,however,it still needs improvement.For patients with digestive symptoms,PG Ⅰ ≤ 66.7 μg/L and PGR ≤4.45 can be considered as high risk of gastric cancer and suggested to receive gastroendoscopy examination.

Background: Serum pepsinogens (PGs), as an indicator of gastric mucosal atrophy, reflects the functional and morphological status of gastric mucosa. And OLGA/OLGIM, the staging system of gastritis integrating the severity and topography of gastric mucosal atrophy/intestinal metaplasia, has been gradually accepted and used in gastric cancer screening in recent years. Aims: To investigate the correlation between ABC method [combined assay for serum Helicobacter pylori (Hp) antibody and PGs] and OLGA/OLGIM staging system, as well as the role of PGs test in risk assessment of gastric precancerous lesions. Methods: A total of 331 patients undergoing gastroscopy for upper gastrointestinal symptoms from Jan. 2017 to Jan. 2018 at the First Hospital of Jiaxing were enrolled. According to the results of serum tests and biopsy pathology, these patients were divided into four groups by ABC method and five groups by OLGA/OLGIM staging system, respectively. Hp infection rate, serum levels of PG and PGⅡ, and PG/PGⅡ ratio (PGR) were compared between different OLGA/OLGIM groups, and the correlations between OLGA/OLGIM staging system and ABC method were analyzed. Results: For OLGA/OLGIM staging system, the Hp infection rate was significantly lower in stage-0 and significantly higher in stage- (P<0.05), whereas the PGR decreased with the rising of stage (P<0.05). Only in OLGA groups, the PG level decreased with the rising of stage (P<0.05). Gamma coefficient analysis showed significant correlation between OLGA/OLGIM staging system and ABC method (G=0.589, P<0.05; G=0.440, P<0.05). Conclusions: Serological ABC method and histological OLGA/OLGIM staging system are closely linked in risk assessment of gastric precancerous lesions. Serum PGs test could be applied for screening of gastric precancerous lesions in China, identifying high risk population for further gastroscopy.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition( EMT ) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition are involved in the process of development of tissues and organs in embryonic stage. Currently studies are focused on the relationship between EMT and tumor invasion and metastasis. This article reviewed the role of EMT in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer by analyzing the relationship between EMT and gastritis,gastric mucosal barrier,initiation of gastric carcinogenesis, metastasis and invasion,drug resistance and immune escape which may provide insights to the pathologic mechanism and approaches to prevent and treat gastric cancer.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of levofloxacin-based triple therapy and bismuthbased quadruple therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection as rescue regimens.Methods Related randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy and safety of levofloxacin-based triple therapy eradicating Hp as salvage treatment were retrieved from Pubmed,Cochrane Library,SPRINGER,VIP database,WanFang database and CKNI database.The literature quality was evaluated by the improved Jadad criterion.RevMan5.3 sofeware was applied to data analysis.The mergment model was chosen on the basis of the outcome of the heterogeneity tests and original data was pooled for meta-analysis.Publication bias assessed with funnel plots.Results Ultimately seventeen literatures were included for meta-analysis,the analysis showed that the eradication rate of levofloxacin-based triple therapy was higher comparing to the bismuth-based quadruple therapy but the difference was not statistically significant (77.0％ vs 68.7％,OR =1.52,95％ CI 0.96-2.42,P =0.34).In European countries,levofloxacin-based triple therapy was more effective than quadruple therapy(80.6％ vs 68.5％,OR =2.18,95％ CI 1.25-3.81,P ＜ 0.05),while eradication rates of two groups in Asian countries were similar.The 7-day levofloxacin-based triple therapy and quadruple therapy showed comparable efficacy,whereas the 10-day levofloxacin-based triple therapy was significantly more effective than quadruple therapy (87.7％ vs 61.3％,OR =4.92,95％ CI 3.09-7.82,P ＜ 0.05).The efficacy was not influenced by the dose of levofloxacin.The adverse effects were significantly lesser(19.1％ vs 29.5％,OR =0.47,95％ CI 0.26-0.82,P ＜ 0.05),whereas the compliance rate was significantly higher in levofloxacin group (96.0％ vs 89.9％,OR =2.27,95％ CI 1.33-3.87,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Comparing with bismuth-based quadruple therapy,levofloxacinbased triple therapy has higher eradication rate,compliance rate and lesser side effects,so we recommend it as a second-line rescue therapy after front-line Hp eradication failure.The optimal second-line alternative scheme might differ among countries depending on quinolone resistance.

Intestinal barrier is formed by intestinal mucous layer,epithelial cells,cellular tight junction,enterocyte membrane,submucosal lamina propria and immunologic factors,and plays a pivotal role in maintaining gastrointestinal function. Different types of stress can induce intestinal barrier dysfunction and increased intestinal permeability,leading to a series of gastrointestinal diseases. This article reviewed the progress of research on pathological changes and mechanism of stress-related intestinal barrier dysfunction.

The efficacy of standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication has been significantly decreased, or even less than 80%.Abroad studies have shown that Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy is significantly higher than that of triple therapy.At home, we lack a large sample of data analysis to clarify the efficacy of sequential therapy.Aims: To systematically review the efficacy of sequential therapy and triple therapy in Hp eradication at home and abroad.Methods: PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and CBMdisc were retrieved to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing sequential therapy and triple therapy in the treatment of Hp infection in last 7 years.Article selection, data extraction and quality evaluation were conducted independently by two reviewers.Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan 5.3 software.Results: A total of 31 RCT involving 8 371 subjects were included.Meta-analysis showed that Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy was significantly higher than that of triple therapy (83.3% vs.74.7%;RR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.09-1.16).Sixteen domestic studies showed that Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy was significantly higher than that of triple therapy (88.1% vs.78.0%;RR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.10-1.16), fifteen abroad studies showed that Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy was significantly higher than that of triple therapy (79.0% vs.71.8%;RR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.06-1.20).No significant difference in incidence of adverse reactions was found between sequential therapy and triple therapy (20.7% vs.22.0%;RR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.86-1.03).Conclusions: Sequential therapy achieves higher Hp eradication rate than standard triple therapy, and no significant difference in incidence of adverse reactions is found between sequential therapy and triple therapy.Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy is significantly higher than that of triple therapy and is higher than 80% in China, which can be recommended as a Hp eradication supplement of bismuth quadruple therapy.

Objective To systematically evaluate whether eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is associated with the development of endoscopic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and reflux symptoms.Methods PubMed,CENTRAL,Embase,CNKI and Wanfang Database from April 1978 to April 2015 were retrieved to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the incidence of reflux symptoms or reflux esophagitis in patients receiving H.pylori eradication treatment and those without treatment.The quality of trials was evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias and Jadad scoring.A Meta-analysis was conducted by using RevMan 5.20 software.Results Twenty RCTs involving 6 575 cases were included.Meta-analysis showed that:(1) There was a positive link between H.pylori eradication and endoscopic reflux esophagitis.The diagnostic rate of endoscopic reflux esophagitis after H.pylori eradication therapy was higher than that of control group(7.25％ vs 4.20％;OR =1.62,95 ％ CI 1.20-2.19,P =0.002).Subgroup analysis found that Asian patients,40 to 50 years old,followup time more than 1 year,and peptic ulcer had higher incidence of endoscopic reflux esophagitis;(2) The incidence of reflux symptoms was not significantly different between H.pylori eradication group and control group (25.2％ vs 24.6％;OR =1.03,95％ CI 0.87-1.21,P =0.76).Further analysis indicated that reflux symptoms were not related to some relevant factors,such as races,age at diagnosis,follow-up time and underlying diseases.Conclusions The eradication of H.pylori is considered as one of risk factors for GERD,especially in Asian populations,long time follow-up,40 to 50 years old and patients with peptic ulcer.Meanwhile,the eradication of H.pylori does not suggest the correlation with reflux symptoms.H.pylori eradication therapy should be administrated according to patients' individual conditions.

Objective:To compare the value of new gastric cancer screening scoring system and serum pepsinogen (PG) combined with gastrin-17 (G-17) (new ABC method) in screening gastric cancer and precancerous lesions.Methods:A total of 576 patients were enrolled after the examination of endoscopy at Endoscopy Center,Department of Gastroenterology,from December 2017 to December 2019. There were 275 males and 301 females with an age of 40-72 (52±10) years. According to the new ABC method and the new gastric cancer screening scoring system, the population was divided into three groups according to age,gender,serum helicobacter pylori antibody test, PG Ⅰ/PG Ⅱ(PGR) and G-17 before endoscopy. The detection rates of gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis by two different methods were analyzed and the value in screening gastric cancer and precancerous lesions were evaluated. Statistical analysis was accomplished by Chi-square test and Gamma coefficient analysis. Results:A total of 576 patients were enrolled. According to the new ABC method, 382 patients were classified into low-risk group, 170 patients into middle-risk group and 24 patients into high-risk group, respectively. In the new ABC method, 1 case of gastric cancer (0.3%) was detected in low-risk group, 8 cases (4.7%) in middle-risk group and 3 cases (12.5%) in high-risk group. As for atrophic gastritis, 89 cases (23.3%) was detected in low-risk group, 94 cases (55.3%) in middle-risk group and 18 cases (75.0%) in high-risk group. According to the new gastric cancer screening scoring system, 336 patients were classified into low-risk group, 205 patients into middle-risk group and 35 patients into high-risk group, respectively. One case of gastric cancer (0.3%) was detected in low-risk group, 6 cases (2.9%) in middle-risk group and 5 cases (14.3%) in high-risk group. As for atrophic gastritis, 41 cases (12.2%) were detected in low-risk group, 134 cases (65.4%) in middle-risk group and 26 cases (74.3%) in high-risk group. In this two methods, the prevalence of gastric cancer increased according to the disease stage ( χ2 =22.509, P<0.01; χ2=24.156, P<0.01); in terms of atrophic gastritis, the detection rate of the new screening scoring system in the low-risk group was significantly lower than that in the new ABC method ( χ2=14.844, P<0.01), but higher in the middle-risk group ( χ2=3.955, P=0.047). Gamma coefficient test showed that there were strong correlations between gastroscopy pathology and classification grade of both methods ( P<0.01). Conclusions:Both methods are suitable for screening gastric cancer and precancerous lesions, and the new scoring system may be more valuable in screening gastric cancer and precancerous lesions.

Objective:To evaluate the new scoring system for gastric cancer screening and risk assessment of gastric precancerous lesions.Methods:A total of 442 patients who underwent endoscopy due to stomach discomfort at the First Hospital of Jiaxing from March 2018 to September 2019 were enrolled. The patients were divided into three groups based on the new scoring system for gastric cancer screening before endoscopy: low-risk group (0-11 points), median-risk group (12-16 points) and high-risk group (17-23 points). The detection rates of gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis in three groups were analyzed. According to the range or degree of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia, patients were divided into five groups of stage 0 to Ⅳ based on the operative link for gastritis assessment (OLGA) or operative link for gastritis intestinal metaplasia (OLGIM). The correlation between the new gastric cancer screening scoring system and OLGA or OLGIM staging system were evaluated.Results:Among 442 patients, 211 were assigned to low-risk group, 207 median-risk group and 24 high-risk group according to the new scoring system. For OLGA staging system, there were 241 cases of stage-0, 105 of stage-Ⅰ, 58 stage-Ⅱ, 27 stage-Ⅲ and 11 stage-Ⅳ. For OLGIM staging system, there were 224 cases of stage-0, 113 stage-Ⅰ, 61 stage-Ⅱ, 31 stage-Ⅲ and 13 stage-Ⅳ. The pepsinogen (PG) Ⅰ and pepsinogen ratio (PGR) levels had differences among different OLGA stages ( F=2.844, P=0.027; F=5.435, P=0.001), and these two variables at Stage-Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly lower than three other OLGA stages (all P<0.001). The PGR level had differences among different OLGIM stages ( F=3.887, P=0.008), which was significantly lower at Stage-Ⅳ than at other OLGIM stages (all P<0.001). Gamma coefficient analysis and Kendall′s tau-b analysis showed significant correlations between OLGA/OLGIM staging system and new gastric cancer screening scoring system ( P<0.001). Conclusion:The new scoring system is reliable for gastric cancer screening, and is closely linked with OLGA/OLGIM staging system in the risk assessment of gastric precancerous lesions.