The distant metastases is the major cause of death in patients with breast cancer.Metastasis of tumor cells is defined to be a series process including tumor cells shedding from the primary lesion,intruding and circulating in blood vessels,implantation into distant organs and developing into metastasis lesion,only complete the series process can eventually form a distant metastasis.Micrometastasis reters to exist in lymph nodes,peripheral blood and bone marrow,yet conventional testing method usually does not reveal it,the presence of tumor cells in blood called circulating tumor cells,and the tumor cells in bone marrow called disseminated tumor cells.In order to predict and prevent tumor spreading and acquire therapeutic strategy,many attempts are being made to detect small numbers of tumor cells that have shed from the primary lesions.This article presents the techniques used for disseminated tumor cells detection,clinical relevance and biological questions for the recent a few years.

Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32E (ANP32E) belongs to a family of acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32, and participates in a broad range of biological processes. ANP32E is similar to ANP32A in structure. It has been suggested that the nueleo-cytoplasmic shuttling might be regulated by phosphorylation. ANP32E is able to inhibit the activity of PP2A. Recent findings indicate ANP32E acts as a tumor suppressing gene in mice fibrosarcoma, and is correlated with lung metastasis in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer. But the mechanism is not yet clear.

ObjectiveTo study the protective effects of fluvastatin on the renal lesions in diabetic rat. MethodsThe model of diabetic rats was induced by streptozotocin. SD rats were random divided into four groups: Control group, diabetic rats group, low-dose fluvastatin group 2mg/(kg·d) and high-dose fluvastatin group 4 mg/(kg·d). After treatment for 4 weeks, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine and urinary protein were measured respectively. The expression of TGF β1 in the renal cortex was determined by RT-PCR. ResultsFluvastatin inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 Mrna in a dose-dependent manner, and had no influence on urinary protein, serum cholesterol and serum creatinine. ConclusionsFluvastatin inhibits the overexpression of TGF-β1Mrna, which may be related to independent cholesterol decreasing effect.

Objective To study the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba injection on the renal in diabetic nephropathy rats. Methods The models of diabetic rats were induced by streptozotecin. SD rats (n=18) were randomly divided into three groups, including control group, diabetic group and treated group. After 6 weeks, blood glucose, serum cholesterol and urinary protein were measured respectively. The expression of MCP-1 in the glomerulus was determined by immunohistechemical staining. Results Xingding injection did not influence blood glucose and serum cholesterol, but significantly inhibited expression of MCP-1 and lowered urinary protein excretion. Conclusion Xingding injection has some protective effect, which may be through down-regulating MCP-1 expression.

Objective To study the CT and MRI features of ovarian granulosa cell tumor(OGCT).Methods The clinical and imaging data of 12 cases with OGCT proved by pathology were analyzed retrospectively(10 cases were performed with CT,5 cases were performed with MRI,and 3 cases were performed with both CT and MRI).Results All lesions were solitary.The tumors presented round,oval, or lobulated with clear boundary.In 12 cases, 3 cases were multiple cystic masses with uneven thickness of cyst walls and septation.Mild enhancement of the cyst walls and septation was showed after contrast enhancement.7 cases were cystic and solid masses with multiple cysts, typically with sponge-like pattern,and most cases showed slightly to moderately enhancement.2 cases were solid mass with septation,1 case showed significant enhancement,and 1 case showed slightly enhancement.6 of 12 cases presented enlargement of the utreus and endometrium thickening,1 case was associated with endometrial carcinoma.Conclusion OGCT has characteristic CT and MRI features, and CT and MRI examinations combined with estrogen abnormality are helpful for diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the roll of p38MAPK on the expression of osteopontin(OPN) mRNA in cultured renal tubular epithelial cells stimulated by albumin.Methods The normal renal tubular epithelial cells(NRK-52E) were incubated in the presence of albumin(30mg/ml) with or without SB203580,an inhibitor of p38MAPK.Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was performed to determine the expression of OPN mRNA and the p38MAPK phosphorylation was evaluated by Western blot analysis.Results Albumin stimulated the phosphorylation of p38MAPK in a timedependent manner,and up-regulated the expression of OPN mRNA.SB203580 could inhibit the expression of OPN mRNA.Conclusion The p38MAPK signal pathway plays an important roll in OPN mRNA expression stimulated by Albumin.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of the traditional rehydration and sub-shock therapy for pre-hospital treatment of traumatic shock.Methods Two hundred and sixteen patients with traumatic shock,were divided into two groups by random digits table:group A (103 cases) and group B (113cases).Group A was treated by traditional rehydration method,group B was treated by sub-shock therapy.The mortality,incidence of serious complications,and laboratory parameters between two groups were compared.Results The total mortality in group A was significantly higher than that in group B [38.8％ (40/103) vs.25.7％ (29/113),P ＜ 0.01].There was no statistically significant difference in ＜ 1 h,＞ 2 h mortality between two groups (P＞ 0.05).The 1-2 h mortality in group A was significantly higher than that in group B [18.4％(19/103) vs.8.0％(9/113),P ＜ 0.05].The incidence of serious complications in group A was significantly higher than that in group B [41.7％ (43/103) vs.21.2％ (24/113),P ＜ 0.01].Treatment of 1 h various laboratory parameters in group B were significantly better than those in group A (P ＜ 0.01 or ＜0.05).The average amount of fluid in group A was significantly more than that in group B [(2352.6 ± 763.1)ml vs.(592.4 ±236.3) ml,P ＜0.01].There was no statistically significant difference in systolic blood pressure between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Sub-shock therapy in pre-hospital emergency treatment of traumatic shock has some advantages compared with traditional rehydration method,which is conductive to the maintenance of the patient' s vital signs,to reduce bleeding and improve patient treatment rate.

In recent years,many breast cancer therapeutic vaccines have been entered several clinical trials,which bring a new promising treatment for breast cancer.These trials reveal the advantages and characteristics of tumor-associated antigens,and put forward the questions waiting to be solved.

[Objective] To study the effect of arthroscopic reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament using RIGIDfix and Intraflx system with quadruple-strand hamstring tendons.[Method]Thirty-six cases of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures were reconstructed arthroscopically with four strands of hamstring tendons,and the grafts were fixed with RIGIDfix and Intrafix system.Ptients were treated with systematic rehabilitation therapy and relevant complications were managed post-operatively.The patients were followed up for 6~12 months,ask the patients' subjective symptom,examine the knee range of motion,anterior drawer test,Lachman test and Pivot shift test,were managed to evaluate clinical result according to Lysholm rating.[Result]All patients had no serious complication,and were followed up for 6~12 months post-operatively.All patients had returned his post,knee range of flexion achieved 130?,extention achieved 0?.Three cases sometimes felt his knee soft and instabilization during exercise violently,the other patients had no sensation of soft and instabilization.When patients were followed up,anterior drawer test:negative 35 cases,positive 1 case;Lachman test:negative 33 cases,positive 3 cases;Pivot shift test of all patients were negative.The Lysholm score increased from 51.3?4.2 to 85.6?4.6,the difference was significant(P

BACKGROUND: Lung fibroblasts are believed to play an important role in lung tissue repair and regenerative process. The differentiation potential of lung fibroblasts is not known very well.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the multi-differentiation capacity of human lung fibroblasts.DESIGN: An observational comparative experiment.SETTING: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital and Central Laboratory of the First Hospital of Tsinghua University.MATERIALS: This study was performed at the Central Laboratory of the First Hospital of Tsinghua University from March 2006 to October 2006. Human adult lung fibroblasts were isolated as primary cultures from resected lung of patients with lung cancer.The study was approved by hospital's Medical Ethics Committee, and informed consent was signed. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal calf serum (FCS), trypsin- ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), naphthol AS-MX phosphate and Fast Red TR were purchased from Sigma, USA. Mouse anti-human osteopondn antibody was from R&D Systems China Co., Ltd,Polyvinyl difluoride (PVDF) membranes were from Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc, Hercules, CA.METHODS: Human adult lung fibroblasts were isolated as primary cultures. Human lung fibroblasts were cultured in an osteogenic medium (containing 109-10-5 mol/L dexamethasone, 50 mg/L vitamin C and 10 mmol/L β-glycerophospate) and adipogenic medium (containing 15% horseurm, 10-8 mol/L dexamethasone and 10 mg/L insulin), or control medium (10% FCS).Ostcoblasts were detected by alkaline phosphatese (ALP) and calcium salt staining. The expression of osteopontin was measured by Western blotting. Oil Red-O staining was used for identification of mature adipocytes.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The differentiation of lung fibroblasts induced by osteogenie medium; The differentiation of lung fibroblasts induced by adipogenic medium.RESULTS: With the induction of ostcogenic medium for 2 weeks, the differentiation of lung fibroblasts was induced by osteogenic and adipogenic medium, respectively. The expression of ALP and osteopontin was increased and the deposition of calcium salt was detected. After lung fibroblasts were cultured in adipogenic medium for 14 days, part of the cells gradually experienced morphological change from original spindle into oval shape. Oil Red -O staining indicated lipid drops accumulation within cytoplasm.CONCLUSION: Under certain condition, human long fibroblasts could differentiate into osteoblasts or adipocytes that were characterized by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.