The distant metastases is the major cause of death in patients with breast cancer.Metastasis of tumor cells is defined to be a series process including tumor cells shedding from the primary lesion,intruding and circulating in blood vessels,implantation into distant organs and developing into metastasis lesion,only complete the series process can eventually form a distant metastasis.Micrometastasis reters to exist in lymph nodes,peripheral blood and bone marrow,yet conventional testing method usually does not reveal it,the presence of tumor cells in blood called circulating tumor cells,and the tumor cells in bone marrow called disseminated tumor cells.In order to predict and prevent tumor spreading and acquire therapeutic strategy,many attempts are being made to detect small numbers of tumor cells that have shed from the primary lesions.This article presents the techniques used for disseminated tumor cells detection,clinical relevance and biological questions for the recent a few years.

In recent years,many breast cancer therapeutic vaccines have been entered several clinical trials,which bring a new promising treatment for breast cancer.These trials reveal the advantages and characteristics of tumor-associated antigens,and put forward the questions waiting to be solved.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of the traditional rehydration and sub-shock therapy for pre-hospital treatment of traumatic shock.Methods Two hundred and sixteen patients with traumatic shock,were divided into two groups by random digits table:group A (103 cases) and group B (113cases).Group A was treated by traditional rehydration method,group B was treated by sub-shock therapy.The mortality,incidence of serious complications,and laboratory parameters between two groups were compared.Results The total mortality in group A was significantly higher than that in group B [38.8％ (40/103) vs.25.7％ (29/113),P ＜ 0.01].There was no statistically significant difference in ＜ 1 h,＞ 2 h mortality between two groups (P＞ 0.05).The 1-2 h mortality in group A was significantly higher than that in group B [18.4％(19/103) vs.8.0％(9/113),P ＜ 0.05].The incidence of serious complications in group A was significantly higher than that in group B [41.7％ (43/103) vs.21.2％ (24/113),P ＜ 0.01].Treatment of 1 h various laboratory parameters in group B were significantly better than those in group A (P ＜ 0.01 or ＜0.05).The average amount of fluid in group A was significantly more than that in group B [(2352.6 ± 763.1)ml vs.(592.4 ±236.3) ml,P ＜0.01].There was no statistically significant difference in systolic blood pressure between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Sub-shock therapy in pre-hospital emergency treatment of traumatic shock has some advantages compared with traditional rehydration method,which is conductive to the maintenance of the patient' s vital signs,to reduce bleeding and improve patient treatment rate.

Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32E (ANP32E) belongs to a family of acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32, and participates in a broad range of biological processes. ANP32E is similar to ANP32A in structure. It has been suggested that the nueleo-cytoplasmic shuttling might be regulated by phosphorylation. ANP32E is able to inhibit the activity of PP2A. Recent findings indicate ANP32E acts as a tumor suppressing gene in mice fibrosarcoma, and is correlated with lung metastasis in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer. But the mechanism is not yet clear.

Objective To study the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba injection on the renal in diabetic nephropathy rats. Methods The models of diabetic rats were induced by streptozotecin. SD rats (n=18) were randomly divided into three groups, including control group, diabetic group and treated group. After 6 weeks, blood glucose, serum cholesterol and urinary protein were measured respectively. The expression of MCP-1 in the glomerulus was determined by immunohistechemical staining. Results Xingding injection did not influence blood glucose and serum cholesterol, but significantly inhibited expression of MCP-1 and lowered urinary protein excretion. Conclusion Xingding injection has some protective effect, which may be through down-regulating MCP-1 expression.

ObjectiveTo study the protective effects of fluvastatin on the renal lesions in diabetic rat. MethodsThe model of diabetic rats was induced by streptozotocin. SD rats were random divided into four groups: Control group, diabetic rats group, low-dose fluvastatin group 2mg/(kg·d) and high-dose fluvastatin group 4 mg/(kg·d). After treatment for 4 weeks, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine and urinary protein were measured respectively. The expression of TGF β1 in the renal cortex was determined by RT-PCR. ResultsFluvastatin inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 Mrna in a dose-dependent manner, and had no influence on urinary protein, serum cholesterol and serum creatinine. ConclusionsFluvastatin inhibits the overexpression of TGF-β1Mrna, which may be related to independent cholesterol decreasing effect.

Objective To investigate the roll of p38MAPK on the expression of osteopontin(OPN) mRNA in cultured renal tubular epithelial cells stimulated by albumin.Methods The normal renal tubular epithelial cells(NRK-52E) were incubated in the presence of albumin(30mg/ml) with or without SB203580,an inhibitor of p38MAPK.Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was performed to determine the expression of OPN mRNA and the p38MAPK phosphorylation was evaluated by Western blot analysis.Results Albumin stimulated the phosphorylation of p38MAPK in a timedependent manner,and up-regulated the expression of OPN mRNA.SB203580 could inhibit the expression of OPN mRNA.Conclusion The p38MAPK signal pathway plays an important roll in OPN mRNA expression stimulated by Albumin.

Objective To study the CT and MRI features of ovarian granulosa cell tumor(OGCT).Methods The clinical and imaging data of 12 cases with OGCT proved by pathology were analyzed retrospectively(10 cases were performed with CT,5 cases were performed with MRI,and 3 cases were performed with both CT and MRI).Results All lesions were solitary.The tumors presented round,oval, or lobulated with clear boundary.In 12 cases, 3 cases were multiple cystic masses with uneven thickness of cyst walls and septation.Mild enhancement of the cyst walls and septation was showed after contrast enhancement.7 cases were cystic and solid masses with multiple cysts, typically with sponge-like pattern,and most cases showed slightly to moderately enhancement.2 cases were solid mass with septation,1 case showed significant enhancement,and 1 case showed slightly enhancement.6 of 12 cases presented enlargement of the utreus and endometrium thickening,1 case was associated with endometrial carcinoma.Conclusion OGCT has characteristic CT and MRI features, and CT and MRI examinations combined with estrogen abnormality are helpful for diagnosis.

Tumor thermal ablation therapy has been the common minimally invasive technique because of its excellent efficacy and safety,and has become a promising clinical minimally invasive treatment.But there are still limitations in its therapeutic range.Moreover,as an effective local treatment,the technology is bound to a cooperation with tumor system treatments.This review provides an overview of the concept of tumor thermotherapy and thermal ablation,and the possible mechanism of the synergistic effect of the thermal ablation with chemotherapy,including hyperthermia changing the blood supply to improve drug distribution,hyperthermia increasing drug intake,hyperthermia modifying the cytotoxicity of many chemotherapeutic agents,combination therapy improving the rate of complete ablation and promoting cell apoptosis.

Objective To continually observe the monocyte chemoattraetant protein-1(MCP-1) expression in rats with anilateral ureteml obstruction, and to explore the relationship between MCP-1 and p38MAPK, and as well as the nuclear transcription faetor-кB (NF-кB). Method Thirty-six rots were randomly assigned to sham op-eration group (contorl group) and unilateral ureteral obstruction group (UUO group). Renal tissues were examined under light microscope 8 h,24 h and 72 h after operation, Immunhistochemistry was used to measure the expression of MCP-1 and NF-кB. RT-PCR and Western bot were employed to determine MCP-1 mRNA and p38MAPK pro-tein,respectively.Serum creatinine and ure nitrogen were examined with biochemistry methods. Results Com-pared with control group, the expression of MCP-1 mRNA in UUO group dramatically increased (control group:0.401±0.039;UUO group 8 h:0.894±0.137;24 h: 1.416±0.135;72 h: 1.894±0.14, P<0.05).The explosion of MCP-1 protein in renal interstitium of UUO group also markedly increased (control group: 50.08±3.210. UUO group 8 h:108.25±4.325;24 h: 179.34±3.237;72 h: 230.12±3.026, P<0.05),and the expressions of NF-кB and p38MAPK in UUO group were also stimulated (p38MAPK: control group: 110.65±9.734. UUO group 8 h:200.15±8.326; 24 h:272.74±7.244;72 h:549.11±9.544, P<0.05). There were positive correlations between MCP-1 and p38MAPK as well as NF-кB(r=0.74,r=0.81,P<0.01).Conclusions Tne increased expression of MCP-1 may participate in the injury mechanisms of renal tubulointesti-tinm in UUO rats. The increased expression of p38MAPK may induce NF-кB expression in the tubules, and then NF-кB promotes the expression of MCP-1.