With the development of molecular biology and molecular genetics,more attention has been taken to the advanced techniques which can be used to detect minority mutations.In recent years,many techniques such as amplification refractory mutation system,PCR clamping,pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization,co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature-PCR and digital PCR have been developed,which will make the hereditary disease diagnosis,cancer detection,noninvasive antenatal diagnosis step into a new stage in the near future.This review presents an overview of the principles,aoolications,advantages and disadvantages of these techniques.

Five medicines for prevention and treatment of osteoporotic fractures were introduced.They are bisphosphonates,calcitonin,selective estrogen-receptor modulator,estrogen and active vitamin D.The pharmacologic effects,safety,application and causions were explained according to principles of evidence-based medicine.

With the rapid advancement of immunology and molecular biology,many new revelations and ideas were drew for clinical immunology in laboratory medicine.In the current circumstances of application of clinical pathway management and individual medical care,how to accurately grasp these changes to build perfect quality system for clinical immunology laboratory,clarify the immunology laboratory pathway and integrate that into clinical pathway management,make solid progress for the promotion and application of individual diagnosis and evaluate the diagnostic value of new technique and item for clinical immunology laboratory accurately might be worth pondering for every people working in clinical immunology laboratory.In this paper,the status quo and reflection of clinical immunology is reviewed.

Hypertension is a common chronic disease which can lead to cardiac, cerebrovascular and renal damage; it is seriously harmful to human health. Cardiovascular disease caused by hypertension has become the first cause of death of residents in our country, the burden of disease has become more and more serious, how to manage hypertension has become an important public health issue in our country. In this review, the development and current situation of the community health management of hypertension at home and abroad are described and analyzed, the experience and practice worthy of learning are summarized to provide evidence for the prevention and control of hypertension in community.

During the period of January 2006 to December 2012 at our department,retrospective analyses of epidemiological and clinical data were performed for 199 newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS inpatients and outpatients.The male-to-female ratio was 3.78∶ 1.Their age range was 20-40 years.Migrant workers accounted for a large proportion of infection.Sexual contact was a major route of transmission and it accounted for 88.4％.Most of them had non-marital sexual contact.And all infected marital sexual contacts were women.Asymptomatic patients accounted for 55.8％.Pulmonary infection was the most common clinical manifestation.There were more males than females locally.Most of them were young and middleaged.Sexual contact was a major route of transmission.Out-of-town migrant population was important for transmission.

Objective To study the role of homeobox A2(HOXA2) gene in cell growth,cellcycle and apoptosis of hepatoma cells, and discuss the feasibility that HOXA2 gene would be a potential therapy target of hepatoma. Methods Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and revers transcriptional polymerase chain reaction were performed to examine HOXA2 expression in tumorous and non-tumorous tissue of patients was matched with liver cancer. siRNAs were chemically synthesized to interference HOXA2 in PLC/PRF/5 and MHCC-97L cells. Growth curve and soft-agar colony formation assay were performed to evaluate cell growth, and cell cycle and apop-tosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results HOXA2 was upregulated in HCC samples compared with matched non-tumor tissues(P<0.05). Two siRNAs against HOXA2 gene were designed and synthesized to specially knock-down HOXA2 in PLC/PRF/5 and MHCC-97L cells. HOXA2 knockdown inhibited cellular growth and soft-agar colony formation in PLC/PRF/5 and MHCC-97L cells. And Fowcytometry analysis revealed that HOXA2 knock-down by RNA interference could result in G1 arrest and S decrease and promoted cellular apoptosis. ConclusionHOXA2 gene has an important role in cell growth of hepatoma cells.

Objective To observe the effect of Chinese medicine to wash, acupressure and Avene cream to moistur-ize for infantile eczema.Methods 100 babies who were diagnosed infantile eczema were chosen and separated to interven-tion group and control group randomly.The control group was treated by Chinese medicine to wash, acupressure and cream to moisturize, and the intervention group was treated by hormone medicine and Avene cream to moisturize.Observe the treat-ment effect after 7 days, 14days and 1 week after cured.Results The severity,effective rate and cure rate of two groups after 7days haven′t the statistical difference(p>0.05), and the severity of intervention group after 14days was lower than that of control group (p<0.05),the effective rate of intervention group after 14days was higher than and that of control group (p<0.05), and the recurrence rate of intervention group was lower than that of control group (p<0.05).Conclusion Combi-ning traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment can promote the treatment effect of infantile eczema , and reduce the recurrence, should be generalization.

Background and purpose:The study hasfound that tumornecrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) can enhance the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on tumor cells. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of the tumor TRAIL and cisplatin combined application on the growth and apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and OVCAR3, and the possible mechanism.Methods:Under the combined application of cisplatin and TRAIL, MTT method and flow cytometry were used to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of SKOV3 of OVCAR3 cells; the mRNA expression levels of death receptors, DR4 and DR5, were detected by real-time lfuorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTFQ-PCR). At the same time, the protein expression levels of DR4 and DR5 were detected by Western blot.Results:SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells were sensitive to TRAIL protein, and with the increasing of TRAIL protein concentration, cell growth inhibitory rate up to 64%. When the
combination application of TRAIL and cisplatin, the inhibition rate of the two cells reached more than 92%, and the two drugs showed high synergistic effect, compared with the single drug group (P<0.05). Flowcytometry analysis indicated that the synergistic killing effect of TRAIL and cisplatin was mainly due to the cell apoptosis. RTFQ-PCR and Western blot detection results showed that the DR4 and DR5 were up-regulated under the combined application of TRAIL and cisplatin.Conclusion:In vitro, TRAIL and cisplatin combined application can signiifcantly inhibit the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells and induce tumor cell apoptosis. TRAIL can obviously enhance the sensitivity of cisplatin to tumor cells. The mechanism may be related to the increased death receptor DR4 and DR5 expression level.

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance.Other than neurological complications,other complications of hyponatremia have not received due attention.Mild,chronic hyponatremia can result in subtle symptoms such as gait disturbance and falls,and increase the risks of osteoporosis and fractures.This paper reviewed the emerging relationship between hyponatremia and bone metabolism,its possible mechanisms and clinical implications.

Objective To investigate the effect of treatment with transplanted bone marrow mononuclear cells under different transplant paths on neovascularization in ischemic cerebral infarction rats. Methods The MCAO models were established by intraluminal vascular suture method. All the successful models were randomly divided into control group, intravenous transplantation group and subarachnoid transplantation group according to the random number table. The Extraction,isolation and culture of bone marrow mononuclear cells were extracted,i?solated and cultured. The models in the control group were injected 200μl PBS through the femoral vein. The mod?els in the intravenous transplantation group were injected 200μl containing 2×107 bone marrow mononuclear cells through the femoral vein. The models in the subarachnoid transplantation group were injected 200μl containing 2× 107 bone marrow mononuclear cells through the subarachnoid. The VEGF levels in cerebrospinal fluid of rats were detected using quantitative ELISA method. The vascular regenerations in the infarct area were observed by using quantitative immunofluorescence. Results After transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells 7 d,14 d and 28 d,the VEGF levels of rat cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid transplantation group were (207.4±8.9)pg/ml, (171.2±10.3)pg/ml and (143.8±13.8)pg/ml,respectively,which were all higher than the VEGF levels in intra?venous transplantation group,the differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05). After transplantation 14 d and 28 d,the BrdU?positive cells in subarachnoid transplantation group were ( 2043. 8 ± 514. 2) and ( 1834. 8 ± 307.4) ,respectively,which were higher than the intravenous transplantation group,the differences were all statisti?cally significant (P<0.05). The microvessel counts in subarachnoid transplantation group were (384.6±45.1) and (514.8±51.3),respectively,which were higher than that in the intravenous transplantation group,and the differ?ences were all statistically significant (P<0.05) . Conclusions Bone marrow mononuclear cells transplantation can increase VEGF secretion,and promote angiogenesis infarct. The effect of subarachnoid transplantation is better.