Dry eye is a common, highly prevalent and multifactorial ocular disease.Severe dry eye not only has a serious impact on the patient's work performance and quality of life, but also increases the risk of other ocular disease complications.Due to its complex pathogenesis and prolonged treatment cycle, dry eye has become an important social and public health problem.Traditional dry eye drugs can usually alleviate, but not completely eliminate, the symptoms of dry eye, and are far from meeting current clinical demands.Newly marketed domestic and foreign anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit T cell function as well as drugs that promote tear secretion represent, to some extent, the rapid progress of dry eye drug research.Even so, the overall state of clinical dry eye management has not been significantly improved.Dry eye treatment still faces great challenges; a huge gap exists between clinical needs and the development of new drugs.Insightful research on the pathogenesis of dry eye is the basis for identifying new pharmatheutical targets.Progress in the research and development of dry eye drugs brings about new options for treatment strategies.Ophthalmologists should keep updated to the research progress in dry eye and to the mechanism of actions of new drugs in order to better serve dry eye patients.

Objective To observe the effect of kindred-like nursing on coma after severe craniocerebral trauma. Methods 48 cases of sereve craniocerebral trauma were divided into two groups: the control group (n=24) who accepted routine nursing, and the observation group (n=24) who accepted the kindred-like nursing in addition. Results More patients revived in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05) 14 and 28 d after admission. Conclusion Kindred-like nursing can facilitate the reviving from coma after severe craniocerebral trauma.

BACKGROUND: Bone mineral content(BMC) can be determined by many methods, which are different in detecting position, clinical significance and differentiation between normal group and people with osteoporosis.OBJECTIVE: To establish a normal BMC standard by observing lumbar BMC with quantitative computerized tomography(QCT) measurement in Shenzhen women, so as to provide basis for clinical prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the region.DESIGN: Randomized controlled, observational and comparative study taking normal women as subjects.SETTING: Medical imaging department of a hospital at district level.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 120 women aged 30 to 69 years, who received physical examination in the Central Hospital of Longgang district in Shenzhen from September 2000 to March 2002, were enrolled in this study. They were divided into four groups: 30 - 39 age group, 40 - 49 age group, 50 - 59 age group and 60 - 69 age group with 30 in each.METHODS: Trabecular and cortical BMC of lumber bodies(L1-3) were measured with QCT software so as to establish a standard of normal BMC in Shenzhen women and compare it with that of other regions.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean BMC in Shenzhen women, and comparison with that of other regions at home and abroad.RESULTS: The results of QCT showed linear correlation between BMC and bone ash weight, which could be expressed by the following linear regression equation: ash weight =0. 92432 × BMC + 39. 0633. Lumbar BMC loss increased with age in Shenzhen perimenopausal women. The annual loss of spongy bone and compact bones was 1.38% and 0. 84%, respectively. BMC of women aged 50 to 59 years was[ (135.31 ± 18.36) mg/cm3], obviously higher than that of women in Changchun city, Beijing city and the United States [(120.21 ±37.40), (116.7 ±26.6), and(119.5 ±27.1) mg/cm3]( t = 2. 002, 3. 383, 3. 636, P ＜ 0.05 - 0. 01 ) . Moreover, BMC of women aged 30 to 39 years was also obviously higher than that of corresponding American women( t = 3.119, P ＜ 0.01 ). No significant difference was found in BMC among women of the other age groups in these regions( P ＞ 0. 05).CONCLUSION: This is the first time in our country to establish a standard of normal BMC in perimenopausal women with QCT measurement, which provides basis for early prevention and treatment of osteoporosis as well as evaluation of prognosis and fracture risk.

Objective To quantitatively study the features of cerebromspinal fluid(CSF)flow dynamies in normal sella region in MRI with phase-contrast method.Methods Seventeen healthy volunteers were studied.The CSF flow image in sella region was positioned at the middle sagittal T1WI or T2WI image.This pulse sequence used a encoding velocity of 20 cm/s.The waveforms were analyzed for the maximum flow velocity,flow volume rate and the change of the figures.From the velocity and area measurements on the cine images,mean CSF flow was calculated in millimeters per second and milliliters per cardiac cycle.Results The normal CSF flow of the sella region had two directions which was downward(caudal)flow during thesystolic period and upward(cranial)flow during the diastolic period of the cardiac cycle.The downward and upward peak flow velocity,mean downward and upward flow velocity and mean flow velocity was(1.44±0.99)cm/s,(302.71±248.15)ms,(1.16±0.64)cm/s,(331.00±225.38)ms,(0.49±0.39)cm/s.(0.67±0.44)cm/s,(0.54±O.30)cm/s,respectively.The downward and upward peak flow volume rate.mean downward and upward flow volume rate and mean flow volume rate was (0.014±0.009)ml/s.(0.012±0.006)ml/s,(0.047±0.041)ml/s,(0.053±0.003)ml/s,(0.005±0.003)ml/s,(0.034±0.031)ml/s,respectively.The mean cycle was(775.25±173.06)ms.Conclusion Phase-contrast method in MRI cine is a noninvasive method to study the CSF flow in physiological and pathological conditions for determining the pattern,direction,speed and quantity of the CSF flow.Therefore it is better than other invasive research modalities and has an important value in clinical application.

Objective To assess the accuracy of SIEMENS Osteo software.Methods The mineral content of 20 cadaver lumber bodies(L 1～L 5) was measured by quantitative CT,and compared with bone ash analysis.Results Mineral content and bone ash weight had a linear correlation,which could be expressed by followed regress equation:ash weight=0.92432?BMD+39.0633.The results with quantitative CT method were all lower than that with bone ash analysis (average lower 29.196 mg/cm 3).Conclusion There are some deviations for measuring bone mineral content with this software.The deviation is within the limit of the theory error of single energy quantitative CT.The result of the measurement shoud be accurate after proofread.

Objective To provide a reliable differential diagnosis among the progressive supranuclear palsy ( PSP), striatonigral degeneration ( SND ) and Parkinson disease ( PD ) . Methods Conventional MRI data in clinically proved PSP(8 cases), SND(9 cases), PI)( 12 cases)and 12 normal controls were retrospectively analyzed. Midbrain area, pons area, ports diameter and middle eerebellar peduncles width were measured. The ratio of pons area over midbrain area (pons area/midbrain area) was calculated in all patients and normal controls. Then one way ANOVA and a Kruskal-Wallis H test were used for statistical analysis. Results Midbrain area of the PSP group [ (85. 8±12. 0) mm2 ] was the smallest, and there was statistically significant difference ( P < 0. 05 ) comparing with the SND group [ ( 133.2± 8. 4) nun2 ], PD group[ ( 133. 5±10. 8) mm2 ] and the control group [ ( 135.9±7.5 ) mm2 ]. There was no overlapping in the distribution of midbrain area between the PSP group(66.0-98. 2 mm2 ) and SND, PD and normal groups( 116. 2-142. 1, 110. 8-146. 2 and 121.7-145.8 mm2 ). The pons area-midbrain area ratio (P/M) of the PSP group (5.9±0. 8) was the largest in four groups, and there was statistically significant difference ( P < 0. 05 ) comparing with the SN D group ( 2. 9±0. 5 ), PD group ( 3.8±0. 3 ) and the control group (3. 8±0. 3 ). There was no overlapping in the distribution of P/M between the PSP group(5.0-7.2) and SND,PD and normal groups(2. 2-3.5, 3. 3-4. 6 and 3. 2-4. 2). SND group had the smallest P/M, pens area, pons diameter and middle cerebellar peduncles width [ 2.9±0. 5, ( 384. 8±62. 6) mm2 , ( 18. 6±2. 0) nun and( 12. 9±2. 4) mm ] in all groups, and significant difference ( P < 0. 05 ) was found comparing with the PSP group[5.9±0. 8, (500.1±21.8)mm2, (22. 7±1.7)mm and( 16. 3±1. 1) nun],PD group[3.8±0.3, (500.2±25.8)mm2, (23.7±1.0)mm and(16.8±1. 1)mm]and the control group [3. 8±0. 3, ( 508. 8±20. 6 ) mm2, ( 23.2±1.2) nun and ( 16. 4±0. 9 ) mm]. But the PD group and control group had no statistically significant difference in the midbrain area, pans area, pons diameter, P/M and middle cerebellar peduncles width ( P > 0. 05 ). Conclusion MRI measurements helps in the differential diagnosis among PSP, SND and PD.

Objective To discuss the etiology, clinical features and prognosis of non benign neonatal arrhythmias. Method Clinical data of 27 cases of non benign neonatal arrhythmias diagnosed from January 2005 to January 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among 27 neonats, there were 15 male and 12 female. Fourteen cases were early neonatal and 13 were late neonatal. Gestational age was less than 32 weeks in 6 cases, and more than 32 weeks in 21 cases. In 19 cases with tachyarrhythmia, 14 cases were induced by respiratory infection. The causes of 8 newborns with bradycardia arrhythmia were congenital heart disease (3 cases), electrolyte disturbance (2 cases), severe asphyxia with sepsis (2 cases), and severe asphyxia (1 case). The onset age and gestational age were lower in cases with bradycardia arrhythma that those in cases with tachyarrhythmia (P<0.005). The cure rate and effective rate of tachyarrhythmia was 89.5%and 100%, of bradycardia arrhythmia was 0%and 12.5%, respectively, and the differences were signiifcant (P<0.005). Conclusion Clinical characteristics, pathogenesis and prognosis were different between tachyarrhythmia and bradycardia arrhythmia in neonates.

AIM: To study the effect of homocysteine (HCY) on proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and the effect of HCY on collagen prodution of airway fibroblasts. METHODS: [3H]-TdR incorpora- tion was measured in cultured airway smooth muscle cells. The [3H]-TdR and [3H]-proline incorporation were mea- sured in cultured airway fibroblasts. RESULTS: HCY induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in a concentration - dependent manner. HCY also induced collagen production of airway fibroblasts in a concentration - dependent manner. The inhibitors of protein kinase C, H7 and polymyxin B, inhibited HCY - induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS: HCY induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, HCY also induced collagen production of airway fibroblasts. The HCY - induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells may be related to the pathway of PKC signal transduction.

Objective To analyze the adverse drug reactions (ADR) during the standardized treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-PTB), and to evaluate its impact on treatment outcomes.Methods A retrospective study was carried out on 305 MDR-PTB patients.Medical records of clinical treatment and laboratory examinations were collected, and the ADR data were analyzed.Chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used for discontinuous variables, and t test or non-parametric test was used for continuous variables.Results Among 305 MDR-PTB patients , 282 (92.5%) had at least one ADR.The major ADR were gastrointestinal reaction (46.9%), thyroid dysfunction (41.3%), hypokalemia (34.1%), renal injury (29.8%), hematological system impairment (21.6%), hepatotoxicity (19.0%), arthralgia or courbature (11.1%), and ototoxicity and vestibular dysfunction (8.5%).Sex, age, native place, the history of using second-line TB drugs or the history of diabetes mellitus had no significant effect on the incidence of ADR (all P>0.05).As per the Naranjo causality assessment of ADR, 34 patients had definite, 236 had probable, 12 had possible and 0 had doubtful causal relations.Among the 282 cases with ADR, 175 (62.1%) patients continued the original treatment regimen, 89 (31.6%) patients changed or stopped ADR-related drugs, only 18 (6.4%) cases stopped MDR-PTB treatment.The episodes of ADR had no significant effect on the treatment outcomes (P>0.05).Conclusions Although ADR are common in MDR-PTB patients during the treatment course, most of the ADR can be managed.Through timely monitoring and appropriate treatment of ADR, most of the patients could continue MDR-PTB treatment.