AIM:To observe the effects of hesperidin on the inflammatory cytokine levels in chronic bronchitic rats.METHODS:The rats were randomly divided into control group , model group and hesperidin treatment group .The rat model of chronic bronchitis was established by smoking .The pathological changes of the bronchial and lung tissues were observed by HE staining .The levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were analyzed by ELISA.The protein expression levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were detected by Western blot .RESULTS:Compared with model group , hesperidin treatment significantly reduced inflammatory infiltration in the bronchial and lung tissues , im-proved the integrity of the alveolar structure , and decreased the levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage flu-id, but had no effect on the IL-10 level.Moreover, the protein expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were dramatically inhib-ited after hesperidin treatment .CONCLUSION:Hesperidin decreases the levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the rats with chronic bronchitis , which may be associated with the inhibition of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expres-sion.

DNA double-strand breaks(DSBs) repair protein XRCC4,plays an important role in the genesis and development of tumor,there are many different aspects in the tumor genesis and development.This paper reviews the molecular mechanism of XRCC4 in repairing DSBs,several theories of tumor genesis and development,and the relationship between XRCC4 gene's single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and tumor.

Brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) is a cardiac hormone mainly secreted by myocytes in the ventricular wall. It has strong action of natriuresis, diuresis, vasodilation, inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system. The increased levels of BNP and NT-proBNP have been reported in children’s cardiovascular diseases in numerous stu-dies and can reflect cardiac function. This article simply reviews the BNP and NT-proBNP about its biology character, detection method, medical reference range and its progress in pediatric cardiovascular disease.

Pathogenesis and development of gastric carcinoma is a complicated process of polygene action. In recent years, it was recognized that the genes with relation to pathogenesis and development of gastric carcinoma include proto oncogenes, suppress genes and apoptosis gene. The three sorts of genes correlate with molecular pathology process of gastric carcinoma in various periods, and it certainly appears rules. The detection of some gastric carcinoma related genes are important in early diagnosis and prognosis of the tumor.

Objective To selectively resect the lymph nodes in the endometrial cancer by risk factors evaluation pre-and intra-operation.Methods Three hundred and seventy-four cases who in the Obstetric and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from Oct.2010 and Dec.2012 were clinically diagnosed as stage Ⅰ pre-and intra-operation,grouped as one (staged Ⅰ A,294 cases) and two (staged Ⅰ B,80 cases),and the situation of lymph nodes metastasis and the related risk factors were analyzed.Results (1) Lymph nodes metastasis were positive in 6 cases in group one (2.0％) and 12 cases in group two(15.0％),and the difference was significant between two groups (x2 =23.054,P =0.000).(2) University analyses showed that pathologic type,grade,myometrial invasion,lymphovascular invasion and cervical gland invastion were the risk factors contributed to the lymphatic metastasis in early staged endometrial cancer (P＜ 0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that myometrial invasion was independent risk factor affecting early metastasis of lymph node in endometrial carcinoma (regression coefficient =2.339,standard error =0.585,OR =10.897,95％ CI 3.273 ～ 32.367,P =0.000).(3)Based on the gynecology oncology group test and risk factors that recent used in different countries and clinical centers,superficial myometrial layer invasion,G2,age＞ 60 years,tumor ≥ 2 cm in diameter as the medium risk factors,and deep myometrial layer invasion,G3,lower portion of the uterus or cervical gland invasion as high risk factors,and patients with two or more medium risk factor (106 cases) and with one or more high risk factors(138 cases) were inclined to develop lymph node metastasis((5.66％ (6/ 106),0(0/130),P =0.04;8.70％ (12/138),2.54％ (6/236),P =0.007).(4) Two hundred and thirteen patients were found with superficial layer invasion by frozen section,and 11 of them were upgraded to Ⅰ B by postoperative pathologic examination.Interestingly,all of the 11 cases were accompanied by two medium or one of high risk factor.Conclusion Low incidence of lymph nodes involvement is found in stage Ⅰ endometrial cancer,especial stage Ⅰ A.Myometrial invasion is closely linked to lymph node metastasis,thus,lymphadenectomy should routinely be carried out in endmetrial cancer diagnosed as Ⅰ B whether pre-or intraoperation.As in stage Ⅰ A,unless two medium and one high risk factors are found.

Objective To study a multiple frequency tympanometry on ear system. Methods Based on the original low frequency and single ingredient SY-IA tympanometry, the study mainly focused on such aspects as multiple frequency probe tone circuit, constant pressure sound control system, micropressor control system and multiple frequency acoustic immitance & phase angle detection circuit. Results Multiple frequency tympanometry on ear system could detect multiple frequency acoustic immitance and phase angle for normal ear, tympanum loosed ear and ossicular chain break ear under different probe tone. Conclusion Experiments show that multiple frequency tympanometry on ear system based on ARM is helpful to the diagnosis of pathological changes which are insensitive to single low frequency tympanometry.

Objective To investigate chitosan flocculating and other pretreatments of Huoxue Tongluo extract and their effects on the membrane flux and fouling degree of membrane. Methods Based on the index related to the total sinomenine reserved in liquid and fouling degree of membrane, compared to other pretreatments, discuss the function of chitosan used as flocculation and the effect on membrane separation by orthogonal test. Results The reservation of the total sinomenine was best by means of chitosan flocculation and the smallest fouling degree of membrane was it too, compared with other pretreatments as decompress filtration, high-speed-centrifugation, low-speed-centrifugation and decolored by active carbon. Conclusion Chitosan flocculating is the best pretreatment method of Huoxue Tongluo extract, and the suggested operation condition is that the Huoxue Tongluo extract’s temperature is 50 ℃, pH=5 and add 1% chitosan 30 mL/L.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between osmolarity, cell volume and cell proliferation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. METHODS: MTT method was applied to detect the proliferation ability of the poorly-differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell (CNE-2Z) under various osmolarity conditions. The flow cytometry was used to analyse cell cycle distribution. Cell volume was obtained by the image analysis of living cells and cell viability was determined by the trypan blue assay. RESULTS: Cultivation of cells under the hypertonic conditions of 370 and 440 mOsmol/L increased cell volume by 8.7% and 27.8% and facilitated cell proliferation by 22.2% and 33.9%, respectively. However, hypotonic incubation of cells with osmolarity of 160 and 230 mOsmol/L decreased cell volume by 12.8% and 4.1% and inhibited cell proliferation by 34.0% and 15.6%, respectively. Cell volume was positively correlated with cell proliferation rate. Long-term cultivation of cells under anisotonic conditions did not significantly alter cell cycle distribution, but hypotonic cultivation decreased cell viability. CONCLUSION: Proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells was closely correlated with the osmolarity of culture medium and cell volume. Hypotonic cultivation may inhibit cell proliferation by decreasing cell volume to facilitate cell death mechanisms.

AIM: To study the relationship between multidrug-resistance (MDR1) gene product P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the volume-activated chloride current. METHODS:The volume-activated chloride current in bovine non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells was recorded using a whole cell recording technique. An antisense technique was used to inhibit the expression of MDR1 gene. The immunofluorescence of P-gp was monitored with a real-time laser confocal microscope.RESULTS:P-gp immunofluorescence correlated negatively with the concentration of the human MDR1 antisense oligonucleotide. The antisense oligonucleotide inhibited the volume-activated chloride current specifically and partially. The latency of activation of the current increased and the peak current decreased. The percentage of inhibition of peak current correlated positively to the concentration of the antisense oligonucleotide( r =0.99, P

Nowadays, lung cancer has become one of the most common malignant tumors. The animal models of lung cancer have played very important role in the research on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of human lung cancers. According to the preparation method, the animal models of lung cancer can be divided into spontaneous, induced, transplanted and transgenic models. The transplanted animal models are most commonly used. Transplanted animal models can be classified into heterotopic transplantation model and orthotopic transplantation model, each has its own characteristics. This article aims to introduce the research progress of transplanted animal models of lung cancer in recent years, focusing on the establishment of animal model, the improvement of preparation of animal model, the application of imaging in vivo in evaluating the animal model, the use of transplanted animal model in the study of interventional therapy, etc.