AIM: To investigate the causes and features of anxiety for further understanding of this disorder.METHODS: The theories of anxiety introduced by Freud, Karen Homey and Harry S. Sullivan were analyzed and assessed.RESULTS: Anxiety was emotional experience occurred when an individual anticipated that his/her self-respect was threatened by internal and external stimulus but he felt that he could not cope with such threats. Whereas, it was up to the cognitive evaluation to determine whether such internal and external stimulus threatened self-respect and to identify whether one could handle such threats.CONCLUSION: Stimulation, self-respect, cognitive evaluation and ability are the key factors that determine the anxiety. Treatment of anxiety should not based on medicine, but also carefully consider psychological treatment. Patients should be informed with the nature of this disease so that they have certain self-awareness to improve their ability to handle the threats,correct any misunderstanding, and rebuild cognition.

Psammosilene Radix is a famous miao national herb and it is rare and endangered nowadays. However, it is often confused with the root of Silene viscidula. In this study, the ITS2 regions was used to identify Psam-mosilene Radix and its adulterants. All DNA samples of Psammosilene Radix and its adulterants were extracted. The ITS2 regions were amplified and sequenced, and the final sequences were assembled using the CondonCode Aligner. The genetic distances were calculated by kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model and the Neighbor-Joining(NJ) phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA5.1.BLAST 1, the nearest distance and phylogenetic tree (NJ-tree)methods were used to assess the identification efficiency of the ITS2 region. Results indicated that the length of ITS2 sequences of Psammosilene Radix w 229 bp, the identification effficiency of ITS2 region using BLAST 1 was 100%;and the maximum intra-specific K2P distance were lower than the minimum inter-specific K2P distance. Additionally, the NJ tree based on ITS2 sequence indicated that Psammosilene Radix and its adul-terants could be distinguished clearly . In conclusion , the ITS2 region as DNA barcodes could identify Psammosi-lene Radix and its adulterants stably and accurately. Furthermore, the application of ITS2 barcode in the identifi-cation of TCM has a good prospective .

Objective:To systematically review the incidence and risk of psychological disorders in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) .Methods:The studies on psychological disorders in pregnant women with GDM published up to January 19, 2022 were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, APA PsyINFO, WanFang, CNKI, VIP and other databases. Two researchers independently evaluated the literature quality and extracted relevant data, and Stata 15.0 was used for Meta-analysis.Results:Finally, 48 studies were included, and the incidence rates of stress, anxiety, depression, and postpartum depression in pregnant women with GDM were 25% (95% CI: 2%-48%), 49% (95% CI: 12%-85%), 23% (95% CI: 18%-28%), and 15% (95% CI: 11%-21%). GDM was the risk factor of anxiety ( OR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.04-1.25), depression ( OR=1.63; 95% CI: 1.21-2.20), and postpartum depression ( OR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.18-1.96) during pregnancy. Conclusions:GDM will affect the mental health of pregnant women. Medical and nursing staff should screen pregnant women for early psychological disorders and provide targeted interventions to help maintain the health of mothers and babies.

Didangtang is a classic formula for treating blood stasis and heat， as recorded in the Treatise on Febrile Diseases， and it has been highly praised by medical practitioners throughout history. It has been recorded in many traditional Chinese medical texts and used to this day. This article comprehensively examined the records of Didangtang in different ancient versions of Treatise on Febrile Diseases by excavating and sorting out related ancient medical books and modern literature. It also investigated the dosage unit measurement， preparation method， and content of the formula in medical books throughout history. The article provided a detailed summary and exploration of the origins and processing methods of rhubarb， peach kernels， leeches， and flies in the formula. At the same time， it reviewed the clinical practice of Didangtang by medical practitioners throughout history in relevant medical books， mainly including the adjustment of dosage forms， the increase or decrease in medicinal taste and dosage， the expansion of clinical application， and the creation and elucidation of similar formulas. Although there may be differences in the above information among medical practitioners throughout history， the basic idea of attacking blood stasis and heat is consistent. In addition， based on clinical practice， the author adhered to the principle of treating stasis and heat disease as the first reference when using Didangtang. It was suggested that blood should be circulated instead of stopping in the treatment of stasis and heat accumulation syndrome. At the same time， it was believed that the use of the method of attacking stasis and heat to regulate brain diseases and mental illnesses derives from the fact that removing stasis and generating new energy can nourish the heart and mind， providing ideas for the treatment of such diseases with Didangtang. On this basis， modern clinical and animal experiments have shown that Didangtang has certain effects in improving microcirculation disorders， regulating blood rheology and hemodynamics， enhancing insulin resistance， and inhibiting inflammatory reactions. This may be an important mechanism for the formula to ''conquer blood stasis and heat''. This article explored the textual research and clinical mechanism of Didangtang， presenting facts and evidence， so as to provide a reference for the clinical application of Didangtang and the research on other prescriptions.

【Objective】 To compare the killing effects of different concentrations of gentamicin (0, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) on uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and its cytotoxicities on urinary urothelial cells and inflammatory cells such as macrophages in vitro. 【Methods】 The killing effects of different concentrations of gentamicin on different amounts (10⁸, 10⁷, and 10⁶) of UPEC strain J96 were compared. The cytotoxicities of different concentrations of gentamicin on primary cultured male C57BL/6 mouse renal tubular epithelial cells, mouse macrophages and human bladder epithelial cell line J82 at different time points (2 h and 24 h) were detected by CCK-8 assay. According to the experiments above, we chose appropriate gentamicin concentrations and incubation time in in vitro cell culture experiments to verify J96 adhesion and invasion to mouse renal tubular epithelial cells or phagocytosis and clearance of J96 by mouse macrophages. 【Results】 The killing effect of gentamicin (≥10 μg/mL) on J96 was stronger than that of 1% P/S (P<0.000 1). High concentrations of gentamicin (≥100 μg/mL) could kill up to 10⁸ J96 within 30 min. 50 μg/mL gentamincin treatment for 2 h was cytotoxic for human bladder epithelial cell line J82 (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The appropriate concentration and duration of gentamicin treatment for different cells in vitro were determined. Urothelial cells, especially human bladder epithelial cell line J82, were more sensitive to gentamicin.