Chemokines are small cytokines with chemotactic activity, they are involved in regulating immune responses and inflammatory responses. In the development of tumors, chemokines are multi-functional mediators that not only affect the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, but also have an important impact on tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Besides, they are important targets of tumor therapy. Here we review chemokines involved in the regulation of signaling pathways, analyze the mechanism of chemokines in the development of breast cancer, summarize the chemokines targeted drugs for breast cancer in recent years and make a prospect about the role of chemokines in anti-breast cancer therapy.

ObjectiveTo observe the influence of different dietary protein intake (DPI) on nitrogen balance and nutritional indices in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and explore the minimal DPI to maintain nitrogen balance.MethodsThirty-four PD patients were randomly divided into group A, B and C with DPI as 1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1 respectively. All the patients admitted into our hospital and completed a 10-day assessment for nitrogen balance, as well as nutritional status including serum albumin (Alb), pre-albumin at baseline, the 7th and 10th day. ResultsThe DPI of group A, B and C was (1.18±0.05), (0.87±0.02), (0.66±0.03) g·kg-1·d-1, whose differences were significant (P<0.01). The dietary energy intake (DEI) was 129.29 (117.57-133.89), 111.71 (100.42-133.47), 146.86 (128.03-163.18) kJ·kg-1·d-1 respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive in group A, B, C [2.99 (2.15-4.72) g, 1.20(0.59-1.89) g, 0.24 (-0.87-1.27) g]. The BUN decreased at the 7th and 10th day (P<0.01) in group C. The BUN and phosphorus in group A increased, but without significant difference as compared to baseline. No significant differences of nutritional status were found among three groups throughout the trial. ConclusionMinimal DPI 0.65 g·kg-1·d-1 plus the supplement of protein loss in dialysate can maintain the nitrogen balance in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between aggressive behaviors, parent-child separation and experience of childhood abuse among junior high school students.

METHODSA total of 1417 students in ordinary junior high schools from 3 townships in Huoshan, Anhui were involved in this study. Self-made questionnaire was used to estimate aggressive behaviors, parent-child separation in childhood, child abuse and social demographic information of the students under this study.

RESULTSRelated scores (2.52 ± 0.78) on physical aggression in boys was higher than in girls (2.29 ± 0.79) while the scores related to anger (2.60 ± 0.82) and hostility (2.58 ± 0.80) in girls, were higher than those in boys (2.41 ± 0.75, 2.47 ± 0.78), all with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Scores related to different types of aggressive behaviors and the scores in total, were higher in students from the senior class (P < 0.001). Scores on items as verbal aggression, hostility and in total, were higher in those adolescents which had undergone maternal-child separation during their childhood (P < 0.05). Scores on hostility and in total, were higher in those adolescents which had suffered from father-child separation during their childhood (P < 0.05). Scores related to anger, hostility and in total, were higher in those adolescents which had undergone both parent-child separation when they were much younger (P < 0.05). Students who had suffered from various types of repeated abuse showed higher scores in various types of aggressive behaviors and in total, than those who did not have the same experience. Most of the differences among groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONStudents that suffered parent-child separation in their earlier childhood and with repeated experiences of abuse in childhood appeared to be risk factors causing aggressive behaviors to develop during the age of adolescence.

Adolescent ; Aggression ; Child ; Child Abuse ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Schools ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo investigate the risk factors on female breast cancer in Zhejiang province.

METHODSA case-control study was conducted in 200 cases of female breast cancer with histopathological diagnosis and 200 matched controls from Zhejiang province.

RESULTSUnivariate conditional logistic regression showed that family history of malignant tumor and breast cancer, housing decoration in last 10 years, mammary hyperplasia, adverse life events, bra with steel rings, sleeping with bra, high fat and pickle intake, poor sleep were positively related to breast cancer; whereas environmental friendly decoration materials, long decoration time interval, workplace condition, more lactation and parity, high fruits intake, sufficient sleep were negatively related to breast cancer. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors included family history of other tumors [odds ratio (OR)= 1.571,95% confidence interval(CI):1.029-2.396],mammary hyperplasia (OR=3.066,95%CI:1.834-5.126), job-related life events (OR=4.575,95%CI:1.690-12.390),the death of a loved one (OR=2.555,95%CI:1.475-4.424), wearing bra at night (OR=1.902,95%CI:1.177-3.072),high fat intake (OR=2.709,95%CI:1.546-4.749) and salted food (OR=2.460,95%CI:1.300-4.653). Factors as environmental friendly decoration materials (OR=0.517,95%CI:0.339-0.789),workplaces condition (OR=0.430,95%CI:0.243-0.762),more lactation (OR=0.109,95%CI:0.013-0.896),enough sleep (OR=0.424,95%CI:0.205-0.880) were protective factors.

CONCLUSIONHereditary,psychological factors,lifestyle,environment and diet related factors are significantly associated with risk of breast cancer.

Breast Neoplasms ; etiology ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Multivariate Analysis ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUNDPenicillium marneffei (P. marneffei) is an emerging pathogenic fungus that can cause invasive mycosis in patients with AIDS. The epidemiological features of P. marneffei infection in AIDS patients in Guangdong province remain unclear so far. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity within a population of 163 P. marneffei isolates obtained from AIDS patients and search for the dominant clinical strains in Guangdong province.

METHODSOne hundred and sixty-three P. marneffei isolates obtained from AIDS patients in Guangdong province during January 2004 and December 2009 were studied by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using two random primers (H2 and H22). The degree of similarity between samples was calculated through similarity coefficients from RAPD fragment data and the dendrogram was assessed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA).

RESULTSTwo primers showed a high degree of discrimination and good stability. Primer H2 yielded eight different patterns (H2-1 to H2-8) among 163 isolates with the discriminatory power being 0.413. Primer H22 identified seven types (H22-1 to H22-7) among 163 isolates with the discriminatory power being 0.467. Genetic similarity coefficients based on RAPD data among 163 P. marneffei isolates ranged from 0.681 to 0.957, 61.96% of which were no less than 0.83. The discriminatory power of the two primers was 0.524. One hundred and sixty-three P. marneffei isolates were clustered into nine distinct groups (groups I to IX) at the similarity coefficient value of 0.83 and group I was the most common, including 101 strains (61.96%).

CONCLUSIONThe RAPD analyses could provide important information as to the degree of genetic diversity and the relationship among clinical P. marneffei isolates, revealing genetic polymorphism and dominant strains.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; microbiology ; Genetic Variation ; genetics ; Humans ; Penicillium ; classification ; genetics ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; methods

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of human hair keratin (HHK) in peripheral nerve repair and explore the mechanism of sciatic nerve regeneration.

METHODSRat models of sciatic nerve damage was established by creating a 10-mm gap in the sciatic nerve, which was bridged with a HHK implant. Histological examinations of the nerve tissues were performed at different time points after the surgery.

RESULTSDuring the period from 2 days to 2 weeks following HHK implantation, Schwann cells were found to undergo dedifferentiation and proliferate along the HHK implant. Three weeks after HHK implantation, numerous macrophages and megakaryocytes occurred around the HHK, and a large quantity of regenerated Schwann cells aligned in orderly fashion was seen between the fine filaments of partially degraded HHK, where axons and capillaries were also observed. Six weeks later, massive nerve fibers and capillaries developed around the HHK, and at 9 weeks, the HHK implant was substantially degraded and numerous regenerated nerve fibers occurred characterized by obvious epineurium and perineurium. Till 12 weeks after HHK implantation, HHK was almost completely degraded and replaced by the newly regenerated nerve fibers that had grown across the nerve defect.

CONCLUSIONSHHK is an ideal material for nerve injury repair. Apocytosis plays a key role in the differentiation process of highly differentiated Schwann cells into immature Schwann cells following nerve injury. As a protective mechanism, the axons undergo enclosure and dissociation following injuries, and the intact axons give rise to growth cones that extend fibers of growing buds to competitively bind the one or more Schwann cells, but only one such but finally develops into a complete axon. The nerve fiber barrier membrane is derived from the capillary menchymal stem cells and the outmost vascular barrier membrane. The regeneration of the Schwann cells, axons and the nerve membrane is the result of self-organization through a well synchronized and coordinated mechanism.

Animals ; Female ; Hair ; chemistry ; Humans ; Keratins ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Male ; Nerve Regeneration ; drug effects ; physiology ; Prostheses and Implants ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sciatic Nerve ; injuries ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo apply pulse-field gel electrophoresis analysis(PFGE) in analysing a case of food poisoning caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

METHODSPFGE using restriction enzyme Not I was employed in molecular subtyping of thirty strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from a case of food poisoning in Guangzhou city and PFGE patterns were analyzed by using BioNumerics Version 4.0 software to perform cluster analysis. Pattern profiles were compared by using the Dice coefficient and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA).

RESULTSThirty strains were of the same type of pulsotype.

CONCLUSIONSMolecular subtyping by PFGE might disclose the epidemiological relationships of the strains from humans, food and the environment, giving a strong molecular epidemiological evidence and a support for the source-tracking of outbreak events.

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; methods ; China ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; methods ; Foodborne Diseases ; microbiology ; Humans ; Vibrio parahaemolyticus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

BACKGROUND:The traditional corneal scaffolds exhibit poor strength and biological compatibility. Little is reported on the artificial cornea prepared by collagen and chondroitin sulfate (CS), which consist of the natural corneal tissue. OBJECTIVE:To prepare the collagen/CS/fibroblast growth factor (FGF) composite artificial cornea with slow-release growth factor, high strength and light transmittance, as well as good biocompatibility. METHODS:Regenerated collagen films were prepared by 1％, 5％, 10％ collagen solutions using flow casting method, and the regenerated collagen film with the best bioactivity that was prepared by 5％ collagen solution was screened through a biomechanical test. Then, the CS/collagen composite film was achieved by cross-linking the CS (2, 20, 80 g/L) with collagen by using N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)- N'S-ethylcarbodimide hydrochloride-N-Hydroxysuccinimide. The composite film made of 20 g/L CS was confirmed to have the best transparency, which was used to be mixed with 5, 25, 50 mg/L FGF in PBS for 24 hours to prepare the collagen/CS/FGF composite films. ELISA method was used to detect the FGF level in the supernatant. Afterwards, corneal epithelial cells were co-cultured with regenerated collagen film, collagen/CS composite film and collagen/CS/FGF composite film, respectively. After 48 hours of co-culture, cell proliferation was detected by MTT method, based on which we could screen the optimal collagen/CS/FGF composite film. After co-culture with the collagen/CS/FGF composite film for 48 and 72 hours, cell morphology was observed by confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The release amount of FGF from the composite films was dependent on the initial loading amount of FGF. Meanwhile, FGF released slowly from the three kinds of composite films, and the release amount was 11％, 23％, 30％ at 72 hours after culture, in accordance with the pharmacokinetic process. MTT findings indicated that the optimal loading concentration of FGF was 25 mg/L. Under the microscope, the collagen/CS/FGF composite film promoted the adhesion, growth and proliferation of corneal epithelial cells. To conclude, the collagen/CS/FGF composite film is expected to be an ideal scaffold material for artificial cornea preparation.

Placenta serves as a temporary fetal organ, which mediates maternal-fetal crosstalk and intrauterine fetal growth. Placental defensive barrier is a fundamental physiological function, which balances maternal immune tolerance to the fetus and resistance to pathogens. This review summarizes the latest research progress on the mechanisms of placental barrier formation from the view of placental development. Recent discoveries have shed light on the cellular and molecular properties of placental defensive mechanisms in syncytiotrophoblast, including autophagy, exosome mediated anti-pathogenic pathways, cell-cell junctions and cytoskeleton networks. We also present an overview of placental barrier dysfunction and its implications in intrauterine TORCH infections.

Vaccination is an effective way to reduce the morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases. As a needle-free transcutaneous immunization (NF-TCI) vaccination technology, microneedles (MNs), composed of multiple micro-needles orderly attached to a substrate, can overcome the problems of low immune efficiency, poor compliance and waste of resources that exists in the conventional vaccination by injection, thus becoming a research hotspot in biomedicine. The microneedle vaccine can directly break through the stratum corneum barrier of the skin without touching nerves and blood vessels in the dermis, and effectively delivers the vaccine to the immune cells in the skin tissue to initiate the immune response of the body, thus triggering strong humoral and cellular immune processes. Vaccine delivery via the MNs system possesses the advantages of high safety, satisfying immune effect and practical economy, and shows great prospect in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and antineoplastic therapy. This article reviews the development background of MNs in transcutaneous immunization, the types of vaccine delivery, the factors affecting the immune effect, the problems to be solved and development direction in the future.