Internationalization is the inevitable trend of the development of graduate education. The graduate education in China faces many difficulties in the process of internationalization. For ex-ample, in thegoing out process it can not get international recognition, and in recruit there is in-adequate management, and the training quality is not high.Medical education has its own characteris-tics, and its internationalization process is more difficult. The authors has made an investigation of oral medical students studying in his work unit, and on the basis of the findings, puts forward some coun-termeasures for improving oral medical students' graduate education management.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of orbital decompression in the treatment of Graves ophthalmopathy. ·METHODS: Totally 55 patients 77 eyes with Graves eye disease were selected in our hospital from February 2011 to February 2016. All eyes underwent orbital decompression, the visual acuity, exophthalmos and complications of the patients were followed up for 6mo. · RESULTS: Postoperatively 6mo, the best corrected visual acuity were 0. 23±0. 09, which were better than that of preoperative 0. 46±0. 07(P<0. 05). Postoperatively 6mo, the degree of exophthalmos of the patients were 16. 20 ± 1. 99mm, which was significantly lower than that preoperative 20. 13±1. 87mm (P<0. 05). Postoperative CAS score was ≤3 points in 56 eyes ( 73%) , significantly increased compared with preoperative 15 eyes (19%), the difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05). There were 50 eyes ( 65%) with color vision disorder before operation;after operation, 42 eyes (55%) had significant improvement in visual impairment, and there was no change in the eye in 8 eyes (10%). Postoperatively 6mo, the average decreased degree of exophthalmos were 3. 87±1. 03mm;5 cases were found postoperative diplopia, new diplopia rate was 10%;followed up for 3mo, diplopia disappeared. ·CONCLUSION:Orbital decompression is an effective method for the treatment of Graves ophthalmopathy, but attention should be paid to postoperative complications such as diplopia.

Objective To study immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharide of mudan cortex (PSM) on immunodepressive mice. Method The immunodepressive mice model was established with cyclophosphamide treated and tumor-bearing. PSM was orally administered to mice for 10 d. MTT method was used to observe the prolifernation of lymphocytes. The function of macrophage in abdominal activity was measured. Sectrophotometric determination was adopted to evaluate the ability of plaque forming cell. Result PSM could enhance the function of macrophage, increase the content of plaque forming cell, and promote the prelifernation of lymphocytes. Conclusion PSM could enhance immunofunction of immunodepressive mice.

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic efficacy and safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) combined Wenshen Xiaozheng Decoction (WXD) in auxiliary treating endometriosis after laparoscopy.

METHODSOne hundred and thirty-four endometriosis patients with confirmative pathological diagnosis were assigned to three groups depending on whether they would receive adjuvant therapy or Chinese medicine treatment, i.e., the control group, the observation 1 group, and the observation 2 group. The 22 patients in the control group received no adjuvant therapy after laparoscopy. The 42 patients in the observation 1 group were treated with GnRHa 3.6 mg by subcutaneous injection starting from the 1st day to the 5th day of menstruation, once per 28 days. The 70 patients in the observation 2 group were treated with GnRHa 3.6 mg by subcutaneous injection in combination with WXD starting from the 1st day to the 5th day of menstruation, once per 28 days. They also took WXD for 7 doses, one cycle per every 28 days. The treatment lasted for three to six months. Serum levels of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and cancer antigen 125 (CA125), as well as clinical efficacy, and adverse drug reactions were observed before and after treatment.

RESULTSThere was statistical difference in serum levels of E2, FSH, or LH between the control group and the observation 1 and 2 groups (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in serum levels of E2, FSH, or LH between the observation 1 group and the observation 2 group (P > 0.05). There was statistical difference in the clinical efficiency among the 3 groups (P < 0.05). There was statistical difference in the pre-post difference of CA125 levels among the three groups (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, there was no statistical difference in the pre-post difference of CA125 levels between the observation 1 group and the observation 2 group (P > 0.05). No obvious adverse reaction occurred during the treatment.

CONCLUSIONSGnRHa combined WXD showed confirmative clinical efficacy in treating endometriosis after laparoscopy. It also could lower serum levels of E2, FSH, and LH levels. So it was an ideal solution for treatment of endometriosis.

Adult ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Endometriosis ; drug therapy ; surgery ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Treatment Outcome

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Interferon-gamma ; therapeutic use ; Lung ; drug effects ; pathology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Silicosis ; classification ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome ; complications ; Uveitis, Anterior ; etiology

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major diseases worldwide. Nutritional depletion is a common problem in COPD patients and also an independant predictor of survival in these patients. Many data are helpful for determining nutritional depletion, including anthropometric measurement, laboratory markers, body composition analysis (fat-free mass and lean mass), and body weight. The mechanism of nutritional depletion in patients with COPD is still uncertain. It may be associated with energy/metabolism imbalance, tissue hypoxia, systemic inflammation, and leptin/orexin disorders. In patients with nutritional depletion, growth hormone and testosterone can be used for nutritional therapy in addition to nutrition supplementation.
Body Composition ; physiology ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; blood ; Leptin ; blood ; Lung Diseases, Obstructive ; blood ; complications ; Neuropeptides ; blood ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutrition Disorders ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Orexins ; Weight Loss ; physiology

Objective To measure the expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase(IDO)in condy-loma acuminatum (CA) lesions, and to evaluate its ability to locally metabolize tryptophan. Methods Immunohistochemical study was performed to observe the protein expression of IDO in skin lesions of patients with CA, and count the number of IDO-positive cells. Immunofluorescence assay was conducted to estimate the relationship between IDO-positive cells and dendritic cells. Epidermal cells and keratinocytes were isolated from warts of 30 patients with CA and prepuces of 11 healthy controls respectively, and both in vitro incubated with tryptophan solution for 4 hours. Then, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)was performed to detect the level of tryptophan metabolite, kynurenine, in the culture supernatant of the above cells, which could reflect the ability of epidermal cells to metabolize tryptophan. Results Rare IDO-positive cells were found in the normal skin, but a lot of IDO-positive cells gathered in the epidermis of the wart tissues. The IDO-positive cell/total cell ratio was significantly higher in the wart tissues than in the normal skin(48.3%± 15.4%vs. 5.2%± 2.4%, P<0.05). The fluorescence signals of IDO-positive cells and CD1a-positive Langerhans cells were not overlapped with each other, suggesting that IDO-positive cells were derived from epidermal cells of the wart tissues. Compared with the keratinocytes from the healthy skin, the epidermal cells from warts had a stronger ability to metabolize tryptophan in vitro. Conclusion A large number of IDO-positive cells exist in CA warts, and may be involved in occurrence of CA.

Objective To investigate the etiology and clinical characteristics of pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH) and improve its early diagnosis and treatment.Methods The clinical and echocardiogram data of all inpatients with PAH in Pediatric Department of Peking University First Hospital between May 1995 and May 2007 were retrospectively analyzed for age,sex,etiology,symptoms and echocardiographic measurement of pulmonary artery pressure.Data were divided into groups according to different etiology and statistics.Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure(sPAP) values estimated from the tricuspid regurgitant velocity by Doppler echocardiography were compared among different groups.Cases who were not belonged to the first category of the Venice Clinical Classification of pulmonary hypertension were not included.Results Totally 276 cases,168 boys and 108 girls were diagnosed to have PAH.Age ranged from 1 month to 17 years,median age was 9 months.Most of pediatric PAH was associated-PAH(267 cases,96.7%),while idiopathic PAH took a small part(9 cases,3.3%).Congenital heart disease-associated PAH(CHD-PAH) was predominant(245 cases,88.7%) and left to right shunt was the main lesion (217 cases,88.6%),while complex lesion-associated PAH comprised 28 cases(11.4%).Connective tissue disease associated PAH(CTD-PAH) was the second common among this group of pediatric PAH patients(19 cases,6.9 %).The incidence of PAH in systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE),juvenile rheumatoid arteritis and takayasu arteritis were 10.3 %(13/126),8.7%(4/46),15.4%(2/13),respectively.The other 3 cases of PAH were associated with portal hypertension(2 cases) and thalassanemia(1 case).The estimated sPAP from tricuspid regurgitant velocity in 8 cases with idiopathic PAH[(74.6?23.9) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)]was higher significantly compared with those of 33 cases of CHD-PAH [(58.0?19.7) mmHg ] and 12 cases of CTD-PAH [(49.6?18.9) mmHg] respectively(t=-2.052,-2.609 Pa

Brain Stem/pathology* ; Death, Sudden/etiology* ; Fatal Outcome ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhages/mortality* ; Leukemia/pathology*