There are multiple sophisticated approaches that can be used in estimations on health effects resulting from environmental pollution. By comparison, human capital approach and averted expenditure approach are not suitable to be the first choice because of the insufficient capability of capturing all aspects of health effects. Date availability and estimation extrapolation limit the application of hedonic wage approach and hedonic price approach. It has been accepted universally for the flexible technique provided by contingent valuation approach that any health effects can be separately evaluated depending on researchers' purposes. Based on the powerful macroeconomic theory, general equilibrium theory, the CGE model is powerful to simulate the mechanism of interaction between multi-sectors with a national economic system so as to objectively reflect the health impacts on national economy due to environmental pollution.

The rational prescription evaluation is important for improving the medical quality and ensuring prescription safety.For the last few years, the health authorities have issued a series of files in order to regulate clini-cal medical conducts, and reduce the irrational prescription.Hospitals are also paying more attention to the rational medicine evaluation.The evaluation is likely to be doubted and resisted for the difference of evaluation personnel, e-valuation personnel quality and evaluation criterion.Therefore, the smooth development of hospital rational prescrip-tion evaluation need to adopt effective management measures, which is connected with responsibilities, guaranteed by rewards and punishments and based on actualities, and establish various evaluation management mechanism to ensure continuous correction and updating at work.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in a newly built rehabilitation hospital.Methods A prospective survey was adopted to monitor HAI among all patients admitted to a newly built rehabilitation hospital between January 2011 and December 2014, related data were collected and analyzed statistically.Results A total of 22 126 patients (male,n=12 023;female, n=10 103)were monitored,age were 4 months-100 years old.HAI rate was 3.25%(n=720),HAI case rate was 3.34% (n=738).Patients in department of spinal rehabilitation had the highest HAI rate (9.76%);the main HAI site was lower respiratory tract (n = 388,52.57%);a total of 186 pathogenic isolates were detected,154 (82.80%)were gram-negative bacteria,25 (13.44%)were gram-positive bacteria,and 7 (3.76%)were fungi. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that paralysis (OR,1 .77 [95% CI ,1 .24 - 2.53 ]),length of hospital stay ≥60 days(OR,4.62 [95% CI ,3.28 -5.10]),age ≤ 10 years old (OR,1 .55 [95% CI ,1 .33 -2.93]),age ≥60 years old (OR,4.59 [95% CI ,1 .02-20.59]),chronic underlying diseases(OR,1 .56 [95% CI , 1 .37-11 .34]),invasive procedure (OR,3.33 [95% CI ,1 .21 -6.86]),and coma(OR,6.77 [95% CI ,5.41 -7.05])were major risk factors for HAI in patients in the rehabilitation hospital.Conclusion Investigation on newly built rehabilitation hospital is helpful for realizing the occurrence status of HAI,health care workers can carry out the corresponding prevention and control measures.

BCR/ABL negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms including three diseases,namely polycythemia veta,essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis.Progresses have been made in the study of these dieases in children following the development of that in adult,especially the research of molecular pathogenesis.Differences exist in clinical and molecular characteristics between children and adult BCR/ABL negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms.There are specific characteristics in the diagnoses and treatment of childhood myeloproliferative neoplasms.This paper reviews the characteristics of childhood BCR/ABL negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms in clinical and molecular features,diagnoses and treatment.

To suit the needs of educating medical talents in knowledge economy times,quality-oriented education idea should be introduced in biochemistry teaching. In the article, the author explored the effective paths of promoting the students' quality in biochemistry teaching on many respects such as the improvement of teachers' comprehensive ability, biochemistry teaching in class and supplementary class as well as application of multi- media technique, in order to generally boost the educational quality and reach the goal of medical personnel training.

Objective: To investigate the effect of salt stress at different concentrations on the accumulative contents of glycyrrhizic acid and five components and their correlations. Methods: Annual Glycyrrhiza uralensis cultivated in the plastic flowerpot was treated with salt at different concentrations (3, 6, and 9 mg/mL). The contents of glycyrrhizic acid, total sugar, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and ash were determined after 35, 70, and 105 d treatment. The proportional relationships of five components and the correlation of glycyrrhizinic acid and five components were analyzed. Results: On 70 d after the treatment of 6 and 9 mg/mL salt solution, the glycyrrhizic acid content was extremely higher than that in control group. Crude protein in the treatment groups of 6 and 9 mg/mL salt solution increased significantly compared with that in control group. While total sugar content decreased significantly compared with that in control group. On 105 d, crude fat content in the treatment group of 9 mg/mL salt solution was extremely higher than that in control group. And on 70 and 105 d, the crude fat proportion in the treatment group of 9 mg/mL salt solution was extremely higher than that in control group, while the total sugar proportion was extremely lower than that in control group. The correlation analysis showed that glycyrrhizic acid content had a positive correlation with the content of crude fat and ash, while had a negative correlation with total sugar on 70 and 105 d. Conclusion: The accumulation of glycyrrhizic acid is closely related to proportion of crude protein, total sugar , crude fat and ash content. The proper salt stress could stimulate sugar metabolisms and accelerate the decomposition of the substance. All of these could promote the secondary metabolism and make the formation and accumulation of glycyrrhizic acid.

Objective To study dectin-1 mRNA expression in lung of different immune status mice infected with Aspergillusfumigatus, and to explore the influence of immunosuppressive agent on the expression of dectin-1 and its relationship with the progression of disease. Methods Mice were divided into four groups which were normal control, immuncompromised, immuncompromised with A.fumigatus inoculation and immuncompetent with A.fumigatus inoculation groups. We explored the kinetic mRNA expression of dectin-1 in lung of different groups by real-time quantitative PCR. Pulmonary fungal burden assessment was performed to reflect the progressing of disease during the experimental time course. Results On day 3 after inoculation, pulmonary fungal burden of the immuncompromised mice was higher than that of the immuncompetent group. On day 1 and 3, dectin-I mRNA expression in lung of the immuncompromised group was much lower than that of the normal control. On day 3, dectin-1 mRNA expression in lung of the immuncompetent mice infected with A.fumigatus was much higher than that of the immuncompromised with A.fumigatus inoculation and the normal control groups ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion During the infection, expression of dectin-1 in lung of the immuncompetent group was strikingly increased, which may play an important role on the defence to A.fumigatus invasion. Cyclophosphamide inhibited the expression of dectin-1 in lung of mice which may be one of the mechanisms of the invasive pulmonary aspergillosis development induced by eyclophosphamide.

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of 3C bolus wizard on postprandial glucose levels in diabetic patients. MethodFifty-eight patients with type 2 diabetes in our hospital were monitored with continuous glucose monitoring system(CGMS), continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion(CSII)and CareLink(3C for short)for 6 days.The function of “3C” bolus wizard was applied during treatment and all the patients were given dietary nursing and health education.The glucose level was observed.ResultThe level of P2hBG of the 58 patients was between 6.4~10.7mmol/L in 3~6 days.ConclusionsBolus wizard plays an important role in “3C” treatment.It can make the postprandial glucose of patients satisfactorily controlled in a short time only to avoid insulin hypoglycemia because of large doses of insulin.At the same time,health education on patients can achieve remarkable results as well.

Objective:To observe the effect of attenuated-dose aflibercept in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP).Methods:A non-randomized controlled study was conducted, and 76 eyes of 38 ROP pediatric patients treated in First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from December 2018 to May 2020 were enrolled.According to the requirements of their guardians, the patients were divided into ranibizumab group with 42 eyes of 21 cases and attenuated-dose aflibercept group with 34 eyes of 17 cases, and received intravitreal injection of ranibizumab 0.025 ml (0.25 mg) or aflibercept 0.012 5 ml (0.5 mg) according to grouping respectively.Retcam fundus photography was used to observe the treatment response at 1 week, 2, 4 weeks and 2, 3, and 6 months after treatment, and the effective rate at the end of follow-up was calculated.The intraocular pressure was measured with Icare PRO magnetic rebound tonometer at 1 minute, 10, and 30 minutes after injection. The ocular and systemic complications were observed during the 6-month follow-up period.All the guardians signed the informed consent prior to treatment.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (No.2020-KY-228).Results:The effective rates of single ranibizumab and attenuated-dose aflibercept were 90.5% (38/42) and 88.2% (30/34), respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=0.10, P=0.75). The intraocular pressure of the ranibizumab group at 1 minute and 10 minutes after the operation were higher than those of the attenuated-dose aflibercept group, and the difference was statistically significant (both at P<0.01). The intraocular pressure recovered to the baseline level at 30 minutes after the operation.In the ranibizumab group, 4 eyes were ineffective after a single injection, among which 2 eyes were effective after second intravitreal injection of ranibizumab and 1 eye was effective after retinal laser photocoagulation treatment and 1 eye underwent vitrectomy due to the progress of retinal detachment one week after intravitreal injection, and the posterior retina reattached well.In the attenuated-dose aflibercept group, 4 eyes did not respond to treatment, of which 3 eyes were effective after second intravitreal injection of aflibercept, and 1 eye was effective after retinal laser photocoagulation.No ocular or systemic complications were observed during the followed-up period. Conclusions:Reduced dose of aflibercept is safe and effective in the treatment of ROP, and has little influence on intraocular pressure.

Building a contemporary hospital management system is inevitable in the reform and development of public hospitals in China.With a background introduction to public hospital reform in major countries and China,this article named the goals and analyzed the main problems in the establishment of a contemporary hospital management system.On such basis,the authors proposed the roadmap to establish such a system.