Although premature ejaculation (PE) is a common type of male sexual dysfunction, to date we lack a unified definition of PE. The multidimensional definition of PE has been accepted by more and more clinicians. Intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) is one of the three important dimensions (time to ejaculation, inability to control or delay ejaculation, and negative consequences) for defining PE. Rapid ejaculation is one of the core symptoms of PE and IELT is an objective measurement as well as an important tool for the evaluation of PE. This article reviews estimated IELT, stopwatch-measured IELT, the correlation between estimated and stopwatch-measured IELT, and the factors affecting IELT in the general male population, PE patients, and those complaining of PE.
Coitus ; Ejaculation ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Premature Ejaculation ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Reaction Time ; physiology ; Time Factors

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Male ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome

Objective To investigate the employment status of higher vocational medical col-lege graduates in Hainan province, analyze the existing employment problems, and put forward some effective suggestions. Methods A questionnaire was applied to survey the employment problems of 1 048 medical graduate in 11 medical related field of Grade 2012. A total of 989 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaires covered six aspects including graduates' basic information, their employment intention, access to employment information channel, service and satisfaction about school employment agencies, and employment psychology etc. SPSS 13.0 was used to analyze the statistical numbers in each option and the percentage was calculated. Results Only 22.9%(227/989) of the graduates were willing to accept the provincial employment, 49.1%(486/989) of the graduates obtained employment information channels through the school employment sector; 10.6%(105/989) of gradu-ates expressed dissatisfaction with employment services; graduates' entrepreneurial intention reached 26.9%(267/989); only 19.8% of graduates signed employment agreement, and 25.1%(248/989) of gradu-ates face the employment with anxiety and confusion. Conclusion The higher vocational medi-cal graduates in Hainan provinces need to change their employment concept and school employment guidance needs strengthening to link up the employer position requirements and expectations of grad-uates employment. Besides, the school enrollment professional settings and employment market demand also need to be linked up, to guarantee the system interface between career guidance, internship and training base.

OBJECTIVE To detect and analyze the results and significance of HBV-DNA,HBeAg and PreS1 of HBV infective sera.METHODS Routine detection and PreS1 antigen of 450 sera were tested by ELISA,and HBV-DNA was detected by fluorescent quantitation PCR.RESULTS The positive rates of HBV-DNA,HBeAg and PreS1 were 74.4%,48.9% and 63.3%,respectively,in 450 cases of HBV infective sera.Among 285 PreS1-positive samples,the positive cases of HBeAg and HBV-DNA were 190 and 270,respectively.There were significant difference(P0.05)among PreS1,HBV-DNA and PreS1,and they three were in positive correlation.CONCLUSIONS PreS1 and HBV-DNA are more sensitive than HBeAg,and PreS1 is better coincided with HBV-DNA.They can reflect the infection and replication condition of HBV.Therefore,it has important clinical meaning for the diagnosis and therapy of HBV to simultaneously used HBV-DNA,HBeAg and PreS1.

This study examined the effect of GHRP-6, a known GHSs receptor agonist, on the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and the underly mechanism. GH3 cells were cultured and subjected to different treatments as follows: GHRP-6, GHRP-6 plus GHRH, phorbol ester (PMA), an activator of PKC, alone or in combination with GHRP-6, Gö6983, a general inhibitor of PKCs, in the presence or absence of GHRP-6, rottlerin, an inhibitor of PKCs, alone or plus GHRP-6. The cells were transiently transfected with PKCsigma-specific siRNA and then treated with GHRP-6. GH level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of phosphor-CREB, PKCsigma, PKCtheta and phosphor-PKCsigma was determined by Western blotting. The results showed that GHRP-6 stimulated GH secretion in both time- and dose-dependent manners and enhanced the effect of GHRH on GH secretion. GHRP-6 was also found to induce CREB phosphorylation. Moreover, GH secretion was enhanced by the PKC activator PMA and reduced by the PKC inhibitors (Gö6983, rottlerin) and knockdown of PKCsigma. PKCsigma could be activated by GHRP-6. It is concluded that PKC, especially PKCsigma, mediates CREB phosphorylation and GHRP-6-induced GH secretion.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide (CO2) used as an alternative to air in the gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Methods 80 cases underwent ESD treatment were randomly as-signed to two groups, 40 cases in CO2 group and 40 in air group. Arterial blood CO2 partial pressure was measured preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative respectively. Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to record patients the degree of abdominal pain and distention at 1 h, 6 h and 24 h after operation in each group. The incidence of com-plications were evaluated. Regular follow up were scheduled in all the patients. Results There was no significant dif-ference in degree of abdominal pain score and the CO2 partial pressure between the two groups. The abdominal dis-tension scores of CO2 group were significant lower than air group at 1 h, 6 h after the ESD procedure. There were no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of complications. Conclusion The utilization of CO2 in gas in-sufflation during gastric ESD is safe. CO2 insufflation can significant reduce the postoperative abdominal distension and improve the quality of postoperative recovery.

In recent years, the incidence and mortality rate of invasive fungal infection have increased dramatically, and it is of great significance to develop novel antifungal agents with new chemical structure and new mode of action. In this review, novel antifungal lead compounds reported from 2007 to 2009 are reviewed. Moreover, their chemical structures, antifungal activities and structure-activity relationships have been summarized, which can provide useful information for future study of antifungal agents.
Antifungal Agents ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Fungi ; drug effects ; Heterocyclic Compounds ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Lipopeptides ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Molecular Structure ; Mycoses ; drug therapy ; Nitriles ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Plant Extracts ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pyridines ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Quinazolines ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Quinones ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Thiazoles ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Triazoles ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cadherins ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Ki-67 Antigen ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; physiopathology ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

LFA-1/ICAM-1 costimulation plays an important role in immunologic reaction of many different T cell populations. After TCR/CD3 complex cross-linking MHC/peptide, LFA-1, expressed on T cell increases a higher affinity and avidity for ICAM-1 rapidly. LFA-1 is a key molecule in formation of the immune synapse. LFA-1/ICAM-1 costimulation can engage various signaling events of T cell by up-regulating the activities of PI 3-kinase, sphingomyelinase, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. With the costimulation of LFA-1/ICAM-1, engagement of TCR molecules results in a significant increase of T cell activities, including higher Th1 cytokines production, strongly proliferative response and higher T cell cytotoxicity.
Animals ; Cytokines ; biosynthesis ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Humans ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; physiology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology

Objective:To evaluate the current situation and trend of anti-infection drug usage in 11 hospitals of Shanghai during 2003-2005.Methods:Using the cost ranking approach,we analyzed the anti-infection drug usage in 11 major hospitals of Shanghai during 2003-2005.The drug species,consumption,cost,manufacturer,etc,were analyzed by Excel 2000 software. Results:It was found that the cost of anti-infection drugs in the 11 hospitals occupied 22.65% of the total drug expenditure during 2003-2005 and the expenditure decreased at an annual rate of 4.02%.We also found that 80% of the anti-infection drugs were antibiotics.The consumption of?-lactamase inhibitor valued 44.120 5,73.696 7 and 95.163 0 million Yuan in 2003,2004 and 2005,respectively(with a yearly growth of 46.86%),ranking the 3rd in 2003 and the 2nd in both 2004 and 2005.The consumption of cephalosporins ranked the first during 2003-2005.The top 20 anti-infection drugs occupied nearly 80% of the total consumption;the consumption of sulbactam sodium/cefoperazone raised from the 17th in 2003 to the 5th in 2004 and to the first in 2005.Conclusion:The consumption of anti-infection drugs has been restrained;cephalosporins are still the major drugs in clinical practice;and the consumption of sulbactam sodium/cefoperazone is on the rise year by year.