Dental educations in China and USA have different histories and systems even if they are similar in some respects.In this paper,by taking school of dental medicine in Harvard university as an example,dental educations in China and USA were compared with each other concerning the enrollment requirement,school system,course arrangement,teaching methods,clinical practice,elc.Based on the comparison,advices on how to improve and reform our dental education system were provided by learning from the advantages of dental education in USA.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the further promotion ofNew Medical Reformand the further implementa-tion and improvement of National Essential Medicine System. METHODS:By systematic sampling,1728 outpatient prescriptions were randomly selected from a community health service center in Foshan during 2012 to 2015,and then analyzed and compared statistically in respects of the amount of drugs,rational drug use indexes,prescription cost,main disease composition,treatment cost. The change rules and characteristics of all the above mentioned information were all studied. RESULTS:The average number of medicines per prescription and the number of essential medicines decreased year by year,Comparied with 2012,the proportion of antimicrobial agents,the proportion of two or more antimicrobial agents,the proportion of injection prescription and the propor-tion of transfusion prescription were significantly reduced,the cost of medical treatment of patients decreased significantly;medi-cine cost and medicare reimbursement amount had increased to different extents,there was statistical significance(P<0.05). Multi-ple linear regression analysis(stepwise)showed that the cost of medical treatment was closely related to rationality of prescriptions. Respiratory diseases,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,gastrointestinal diseases were the top 3 of the major diseases, the proportion of prescriptions for respiratory diseases,gastrointestinal diseases decreased year by year,while that for cardiovascu-lar and cerebrovascular diseases increased year by year. CONCLUSIONS:The promotion ofNew Medical Reformand the imple-mentation of National Essential Medicine System play a positive role in promoting rational drug use and the quality of medical ser-vice in community health service center. However,there are still many problems in the community health service centers,such as too many medicines each prescription,the lack of diagnosis and treatment ability,the defects of medicine selection and administra-tion.

Aim To study the anti-HBV effect of alcohol extract from styela plicata Lesueur,styela canopus Savigny and symplegma oceania Tokioka in vitro and estimate their function.Methods An assay system based on the sera of HBV infection and HBV clearance was used to assess their inhibitory effects on HBsAg,HBeAg,anti-HBs and anti-HBe.Results Alcohol extract from the three species of ascidians all had a definite inhibition effect on HBsAg when the concentration was over 2 g?L -1 and a favorable inhibition effect on HBeAg when the concentration was over 0.5 g?L -1.There was no significant difference in inhibiting the two kinds of antigen.Conclusion Alcohol extract from the three species of ascidians all had the definite inhibition effects on HBsAg and HBeAg from serum of Hepatitis B patients.The inhibition effects were dose-dependent. From the effcets of alcohol extract on anti-HBs and anti-HBe,we can estimate that there are about two kinds of anti-HBV compositions.One has the similar structure with the antibody,which can exterminate the HBV by the way of forming a uninfectious combination with the antigen. The other has a definite inhibition effect on the antigen,and also has some inhibition effect on the antibody.

Objective:To analyze the utilization of proton pump inhibitors ( PPIs) in a three-A hospital to promote the rational use. Methods:The sales records of PPIs used for outpatients and inpatients were retrieved from the hospital database from 2010 to 2015, and the consumption sum, DDDs and DDC were analyzed statistically. Results:The consumption sum and DDDs of PPIs in the hospital were increasing, and the compound annual growth rate ( CAGR) of consumption sum was 13. 84%. The proportion of con-sumption sum and DDDs for PPIs injections respectively was 82. 2% and 29. 6% in the six years. The proportion of consumption sum and DDDs of oral PPIs respectively was 17. 8% and 70. 3% in the six years. The top three drugs in the list of consumption sum were pantoprazole, lansoprazole and esomeprazole. Conclusion: The application amounts of pantoprazole sodium for injection and lanso-prazole sodium for injection are relatively large, and the overuse of PPIs for injection can not be excluded.

BACKGROUND: Most of anti-osteoporosis drugs can only inhibit bone resorption, but can not improve the bone formation. So far, Strontium ranelate is the only anti-osteoporosis drug that has a dual effect on bone resorption and bone formation. Through the retrieval of related studies, the present review article evaluates the current understanding of strontium ranelate effects on bone resorption based on the pharmacologic experiments, clinical studies, action mechanisms. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) has been widely used on clinic; however, there are still few reports addressing rhBMP-2-induced osteogenesis in intervertebral disc.

Although premature ejaculation (PE) is a common type of male sexual dysfunction, to date we lack a unified definition of PE. The multidimensional definition of PE has been accepted by more and more clinicians. Intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) is one of the three important dimensions (time to ejaculation, inability to control or delay ejaculation, and negative consequences) for defining PE. Rapid ejaculation is one of the core symptoms of PE and IELT is an objective measurement as well as an important tool for the evaluation of PE. This article reviews estimated IELT, stopwatch-measured IELT, the correlation between estimated and stopwatch-measured IELT, and the factors affecting IELT in the general male population, PE patients, and those complaining of PE.
Coitus ; Ejaculation ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Premature Ejaculation ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Reaction Time ; physiology ; Time Factors

Adolescent ; Adult ; Atropine ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Foodborne Diseases ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Insecticides ; poisoning ; Male ; Muscarinic Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Organophosphorus Compounds ; Pesticide Residues ; poisoning ; Pesticides ; poisoning ; Treatment Outcome

Correspondinga uthor:Wan Chun, Email:mdchunwan@163.com
[Absrt act] Obj ective To summarize the clinical experience with isolated complete resection of he-patic caudate lobe in 14 patients. Mte hods The clinical data of 14patients with isolated complete resection of hepatic caudate lobe carried out in our hospital from December 2007 to March 2015 were retrospectively analyzed .During the operation , selective hepatic vascular occlusion slings , and supra-and infra-hepatic in-ferior vena cava slings were placed after full mobilization of the liver .Isolated complete resection of the he-patic caudate lobe was performed through the left and /or the right , the anterior liver-splitting or the retro-grade approaches .Results The mean operation time was (227 ±64) min.The mean amount of blood loss was (530 ±325) ml.The mean vascular occlusion time was (19.5 ±18.6) min.The mean diameter of ne-oplasm was (15 4.±9 .2) cm. All the operations were successfully carried out .There were no massive hem-orrhage, bile leakage or perioperative death .Hydrothorax occurred in 3 patients and ascites in 2.The mean stay in hospital was (21 ±9) days.All the patients were cured and discharged home .Conclusion Isolated complete resection of hepatic caudate lobe was feasible in clinical practice .

Objective To evaluate the safety of mesohepatectomy for centrally located large hepatic tumors.Methods The clinical data of 37 patients who underwent hepatectomy for centrally located large liver tumors in our hospital from October 2010 to August 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.During the operation,the left and right hemilivers were mobilized.Slings for the improved liver hanging maneuver and for selective hepatic vascular occlusion were placed.These slings were used when necessary in order to minimize occlusion and ischemia time to the residual liver,and to maximize the volume of functional liver remnant.Mesohepatectomy was carried out using a microwave hemostatic separator.The feasibility,its effects on preventing hemorrhage,the degree of liver damage and the postoperative complications were evaluated.Results The mean diameter of the neoplasms was (12.6 ± 7.2) cm.The vascular inflow occlusion time of the left and right hemilivers were (12.2 ±3.5) min and (18.5 ±7.1) min,respectively.The blood loss was (487 ± 352) ml.The amount of red blood cell transfusion was (2.7 ± 1.9) U.The operation time was (215 ± 72) min.TBIL,ALT and AST reached their peak levels on the 1 st day after operation and they were higher than before surgery (P ＜ 0.01).The levels were then significantly decreased on the 3rd day after operation.However,the TBIL (P ＜ 0.05),ALT (P ＜ 0.01) and AST (P ＜ 0.05) were higher than the preoperative level,and only returned to normal or were close to the preoperative value on the 7th day after operation (P ＞ 0.05).The initial increase in ALT was quick and then it slowed down,while the initial increase in AST was slow but it decreased quickly.Conclusions Mesohepatectomy for centrally located large hepatic tumors could safely be carried out using the liver hanging maneuver combined with selective hepatic vascular occlusion and a microwave hemostatic separator.This method has the advantages of causing less bleeding,liver damage and rapid recovery.