The immune response to any stimulus is complex, requiring coordinated action by several types of cells in a tightly regulated sequence. Thus, a physical stress such as exercise may act at any number of points in the complex sequence of events collectively termed the immune response. Although exercise causes many propound changes in parameters of immune function, the nature and magnitude of such changes rely on several factors including the immune parameters of interest; type, intensity, and duration of exercise; fitness level or exercise history of the subject; environmental factors such as ambient temperature and humidity. Although regular moderate exercise appears to be important factor for increasing immunity, Athletes are susceptible to illness, in particular upper respiratory track infection, during periods of intense training and after competition. In addition, in elite athletes, frequent illness is associated with overtraining syndrome, a neuroendocrine disorder resulting from excessive training. Through this paper, we want to investigate the effects of exercise on the immunosuppression such as exercise induced lymphopenia, asthma, anaphylaxis, URT (upper respiratory track), and TB (tuberculosis) infection. and also, we want to suggest a direct mechanism, protection and therapy of exercise induced immunosuppression.
Anaphylaxis ; Asthma ; Athletes ; Humans ; Humidity ; Immunosuppression ; Lymphopenia

No abstract available.
Pancytopenia*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results after meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October, 2010 to August, 2013, 45 patients, 47 cases who underwent MAT were reviewed. The mean age was 39.9 years and the mean follow-up period was 24.9 months. The clinical results were evaluated using Lysholm score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score. All cases were evaluated by serial postoperative radiograph. And 18 cases were performed postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eighteen cases including the 13 cases that had graft dislocation or subluxation and signal changes in MRI underwent second-look arthroscopy. RESULTS: Lysholm score was elevated from mean 58.4 at preoperative to 92.4 at last follow-up. IKDC score was elevated from mean 50.3 at preoperative to 90.1 at last follow-up. Among the 18 cases who underwent postoperative MRI, subluxation was found in 10 cases (55.6%) and graft dislocation with grade III signal change was found in 3 cases (16.7%). However, the 13 cases showed a well healed state of the graft capsule in second-look arthroscopy. There was no joint space narrowing on radiograph during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: After MAT, 93.6% of cases showed improved the clinical results above good. Thus, it is effective in relatively young and active patients with meniscus functional deficit and minor meniscal degeneration.
Allografts* ; Arthroscopy ; Dislocations ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Transplants

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of a 2 holes side plate dynamic hip screw for the treatment of stable intertrochanteric fracture of the femur. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2000 and September 2004, 46 patients with intertrochanteric fracture of the femur were treated with 2 hole side plate dynamic hip screw (Group 1, 25 cases) or 4 hole side plate dynamic hip screw (Group 2, 21 cases). The mean age of the patient was 70 years, with a mean follow-up duration of 13 months. The time for operation, surgical incision length, blood loss, time for union, the sliding distance, change in the femoral neck-shaft angle and patient's walking ability were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean operation time and mean incision length were shortened, and mean blood loss was decreased in Group 1 (p<0.01). There was no statistical difference in the union time, the mean change in the femoral neck-shaft angle and the mean sliding distance of the lag screw at the last follow-up. The mean mobility score of the Parker and Palmer was 8.0 points before the fracture and 7.2 points at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Two-hole side plate dynamic hip screw is a useful device, in terms of the operation time, morbidity of operation site, satisfactory union rate and functional recovery of the patient in treatment of elderly patients with stable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur.
Aged ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip Fractures* ; Hip* ; Humans ; Walking