PURPOSE: We performed a retrospective study to determine the comparative characteristics of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) between the infants less than 1 year and children more than 1 year old and whether early treatment in infantile VUR may be of benefit to preserve the renal function and to prevent the new renal scar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All of 62 cases (infant group 19 and children group 43) with primary VUR were managed as the ureteral reimplantation from January 1991 to December 1996. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 7.1 months in infant group and 6.0 years in children group. The sex ratio of male to female showed no difference between infant and children group (1.7:1 Vs 1.5:1). The average follow up periods were 20.5 and 23.7 months in infant and children groups, respectively. The high grade reflux and renal scarring in infant group were significantly more frequent than those in children group (P<0.05), but the prevalence of urinary tract infection in children group was significantly higher than that in infant group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the rates of bilaterality and in the sex ratio between infant and children group. The success rate of operation was 100 percent in both groups. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the early surgical treatment in infants with bilateral and higher grade VUR may be of benefit to the preservation of renal function and the decrease of renal parenchymal change.
Child* ; Cicatrix ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant* ; Male ; Prevalence ; Replantation ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Ratio ; Ureter ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux*

No abstract available.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a* ; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia*

No abstract available.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a* ; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia*

No abstract available.
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous ; Parotid Gland

No abstract available.
Adult* ; Dental Pulp Cavity* ; Humans ; Incisor*

No abstract available.
Congenital Abnormalities* ; Humerus* ; Osteotomy*

No abstract available.
Citrullinemia*

A total of 82 isolates of Colletotrichum species were obtained from anthracnose symptoms of highbush blueberry trees grown in the Gochang area of Korea during a disease survey in 2008. Out of the isolates, 75 were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the others as C. acutatum based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. Twenty six of C. gloeosporioides isolates produced their teleomorph Glomerella cingulata in PDA culture. Three isolates of each C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum caused anthracnose symptoms on the leaves by artificial inoculation, which were similar to what was observed in the orchards. Previously in Korea, only C. gloeosporioides has been reported as causing anthracnose in blueberries. This is the first report that C. acutatum causes anthracnose in the highbush blueberry in Korea.
Blueberry Plant ; Colletotrichum ; Cultural Characteristics ; Korea ; Phyllachorales ; Trees

OBJECTIVES: We used a questionnaire to measure the oral health literacy of Korean adults. We then evaluated the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. METHODS: This questionnaire was developed using a literacy assessment tool from the National Institute of Korean Language, Republic of Korea. The survey was composed of instructions for dental treatment and oral health information. The components were sub-classified into three cognitive processes (realistic, deductive, and critical domains). Of the 337 university students who received the questionnaire, 84.3 percent responded. We calculated the reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's α, to assess the item discrimination and difficulty as well as effectiveness of distracters. RESULTS: We found that the reliability of the 24 items in the questionnaire was 0.89. The mean item discrimination and difficulty values were 0.53 and 0.71. The percentage of correct answers was higher than the effectiveness of the distracters in all items. The mean number of answers to the oral health information data (72.1) was higher than that to dental treatment instructions (63.9). The mean number of answers to the items in the realistic domain (76.1) was higher than that to the items in the deductive (69.4) and critical (65.9) domains. Neither gender nor university major had a significant effect on the percentage of correct answers. CONCLUSIONS: Sixty percent of university students were found to have the government-recommended level of oral literacy. Therefore, better oral health education is required to ensure that all individuals meet government-recommended levels.
Adult* ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Education ; Humans ; Literacy* ; Oral Health* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Republic of Korea

Although it is known that small cell carcinoma most commonly occurs in the lung, it may also originate outside the thorax. Primary extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma has been reported in various organs, including the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, skin, breast, cervix, vagina, kidneys, ureter, prostate and urinary bladder. Primary pure small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder is a rare condition. It is an aggressive tumor with an average five-year survival rate of less than 10%, as cited by multiple case reports. The mean age of these patients is 67.8 years. The prognosis of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is poor because its behavior is more aggressive than bladder transitional cell carcinoma. We review here 4 cases with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, including our own patient who we treated.
Breast ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; Carcinoma, Small Cell* ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; Cervix Uteri ; Esophagus ; Female ; Humans ; Intestine, Small ; Kidney ; Korea* ; Larynx ; Lung ; Pancreas ; Pharynx ; Prognosis ; Prostate ; Salivary Glands ; Skin ; Stomach ; Survival Rate ; Thorax ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder* ; Vagina