PURPOSE: This study was done to analyze and clarify the concept of empathy in nursing. METHODS: Using the concept analysis framework of Walker & Avant 68 articles about empathy were selected for this study. RESULTS: Defining attributes of empathy included recognizing others' perspective and thought, understanding others' emotion, and communicating with them. The antecedents of empathy included contact with patients, respect and trust for patients, a certain level of cognitive ability, and communication skills. Consequences of empathy were increasing patient self-understanding, self-awareness as a therapeutic subject and improving quality of nursing. The concept was clarified through presentation of model, borderline, related, and contrary cases. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are meaningful in that the concept and attributes of empathy are explored in the area of nursing. Also, based on results of this study, development of standardized tools to measure patient-perceived empathy and measure the three attributes of empathy is recommended as well as the development of educational programs to enhance empathy.
Empathy ; Humans ; Nursing ; Walkers

PURPOSE: This study was done to clarify the concept analysis of positive psychological capital. METHODS: Walker and Avant's concept analysis process was used in this study. CINAHL, ProQuest, Web of science, NDSL, RISS databases from 2004 to 2016 were searched using the keywords ‘Positive psychological capital’ and ‘PsyCap’. Sixty-one relevant articles and three book were finally selected. RESULTS: Analysis of identified literature indicated that positive psychological capital attributes were developable potential, positive cognition, expression of emotion, multiple psychological capability, and resources with positive effect. The antecedents were goal achievement, training, leader's motivation, and supportive organizational environment. The consequences were overall wellbeing which is composed of individual's physical, psychological and social wellbeing and enhancement of work outcome. CONCLUSION: The findings in this study provide a definition of the concept of positive psychological capital and theoretical evidence for the future research for nurses including program development.
Cognition ; Motivation ; Program Development ; Walkers

PURPOSE: Baby-walkers are used by many parents because of the convenience they provide in keeping children occupied, quiet, happy, and in stimulating ambulation. But, these devices have more risks than benefits. Therefore, we performed a study to evaluate the effects of baby-walkers on motor development of human infants according to the hours used in a day, total duration(months), and types of injuries associated with the walkers, and to establish effective methods. METHODS: 1,045 questionnaires were filled out by parents who had a baby whose aged between 8 months and 15 months that visited local pediatric clinics and medical centers in Chonju and Iksan from May 1, 2002 to July 31, 2002. They were analyzed in a control group that didn't use baby- walkers, a low-user group that used baby-walkers less than 2 hours a day and a high-user group that used them more than 2 hours a day. RESULTS: The mean age of the 1,045 babies whose parents responded to the question investigation was 12.6+/-2.4 months. The number of babies who used the baby- walkers were 811(77.6%). Crawling and walking alone were delayed in the high-user group. The parents who knew the side effects of the baby-walkers totalled 392(48.3%). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study revealed that many parents didn't know the effects of baby-walkers on motor development in their infants and the risks associated with baby-walkers. Therefore, we should educate parents on the risks of baby-walkers and recommend reducing the use of baby-walkers.
Child ; Humans* ; Infant* ; Jeollabuk-do ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Walkers ; Walking

PURPOSE: This concept analysis was done to clarify ‘uncertainty in epilepsy’. METHODS: Walker and Avant's methodology guided the analysis. In addition, the concept was compared with uncertainty in other health problems. RESULTS: ‘Uncertainty in epilepsy’ was defined as being in the condition as seen from the epilepsy experience where cues were difficult to understand because they changed, were in discord with past ones, or they had two or more contradictory values at the same time. Uncertainty in epilepsy is evolved from appraisal of the epilepsy experience. As a result, uncertainty leads epilepsy patients, their family or health care providers to impaired functioning and proactive/passive coping behavior. CONCLUSION: Epilepsy patients with uncertainty need to be supported by nursing strategies for proactive, rational coping behavior. This achievement has implications for interventions aimed at changing perception of epilepsy patients, their families or health care providers who must deal with uncertainty.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Cues ; Epilepsy* ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Nursing ; Uncertainty* ; Walkers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to identify a theoretical basis of end-of-life care by examining attributes of the concept of the nurses' acceptance of patient deaths. METHODS: Walker and Avant's approach to concept analysis was used. A literature study was performed to check the usage of the concept. To identify the attributes of the concept and come up with an operational definition, we analyzed 16 qualitative studies on nurses' experiences of death of patients, published in a national science magazine from 1999 to 2015. RESULTS: The nurses' acceptance of death of patients was identified as having four attributes: acceptance through mourning, attaining insight on life and death while ruminating life, facing with fortitude and practicing human dignity. Antecedents of the concept were experiences of patient's death, confusion and conflict, negative emotions, passive responses, denial of patients' death. The consequences of the concept were found as the holistic end-of-life care and active pursuit of life. CONCLUSION: This study on the attributes of the concept of the nurses' acceptance of death of patients and it's operational definition will likely lay the foundation for applicable end-of-life care mediations and theoretical development.
Denial (Psychology) ; Grief ; Humans ; Periodicals as Topic ; Personhood ; Walkers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to define and clarify the concept of volition for health behavior. METHODS: For this study the process of Walker & Avant’s concept analysis was used. Seventeen studies from electronic data basses met criteria for selection. RESULTS: Volition can be defined by the following attributes: 1) planning, 2) maintenance of self-efficacy, and 3) self regulation. The antecedents of volition consisted of: 1) risk awareness, 2) outcome expectation, 3) perceived self-efficacy, and 4) social support. The consequences occurring as a result of volition were: 1) prevention of disability and complications, 2) improvement of functional ability, and 3) enhencement of quailty of life. CONCLUSION: Definition and attributes of volition identified by this results can be applied to develop measurements and intervention programs for chronic patients health behavior.
Bass ; Chronic Disease* ; Health Behavior* ; Humans ; Self-Control ; Volition* ; Walkers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the concept of happiness among pregnant women. METHODS: Walker and Avant's method for concept analysis was used. RESULTS: The defining attributes of happiness among pregnant women were 1) period of pregnancy, 2) emotional dimension (positive affect), and 3) cognitive dimension(existence need-satisfaction, relatedness need-satisfaction, growth need-satisfaction). The antecedents of happiness among pregnant women were 1) intrapersonal characteristics, 2) reproductive history and related characteristics, 3) interpersonal relationship, and 4) external factors. The consequences included 1) pregnant women's well-being, 2) fetal well-being, 3) maternal well-being, and 4) child's happiness. CONCLUSION: Although further studies are required to refine the diverse attributes of the concept, the results of this study contribute to explaining happiness among pregnant women. In addition, the development of adequate interventions to increase prenatal happiness is needed.
Female ; Happiness* ; Humans ; Methods ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women* ; Reproductive History ; Walkers

BACKGROUND: The gaitaids are helpful for the patients of gait disturbance, but there was no study about the quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of gaitaids of several different types. But proper use of gaitaids is important for the disabled who is suffered from falls with or without trauma. The appropriate prescription of gaitaids is coming from the objective assessment for gaitaids. METHODS: We evaluated the 'balance index(BI)', which is originally suggested assessment scale by author, for the five different gaitaids :mono-cane, quad-cane, forearm crutch, axillary crutch, walker We assessed the difference of B.1 with or without using each gaitaids examined by 50 healthy adults and 20 stroke patients. RESULTS: The BI in the normal adult was 34.5+/-2.7, and 21.0+/-6.9 in the stroke patients. The balance index o( walker user was 37.6+/-1.4, which was the highest score. The BI of quad-cane was 30.1 +/-4.8, which was the next highest score and the BI of mono-cane, forearm crutch, axillary crutch were 25.5+/-5.6, 25.5+/-5.7, 25.5+/-5.4, which were lower than that of quad-cane. CONCLUSION: It can be suggested that the walker is the most effective for the support balance on gait and the quad-cane is more effective than mono-cane or crutches for balance support.
Adult ; Canes ; Crutches ; Forearm ; Gait ; Humans ; Prescriptions ; Stroke ; Walkers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article was to identify and define concepts of post-traumatic growth of family caregivers of cancer patients. METHODS: This study was conducted according to the method of Walker and Avant (2005)'s, focusing on research articles and books published from 2000 to 2017. RESULTS: There were five attributes of the concept: personal growth, reinforcing relationships with others, understanding of others, finding meaning of care, and gratitude for life. Furthermore, antecedents were as follows: cancer diagnosis of a family member, cancer severity, role acceptance of caregiver, caregiving related burden, self-esteem, and hope. The consequences, therefore, were promoting patient' s posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being, increased the quality of life, health related habits change, balance of life, satisfaction of life, and continuation of care. CONCLUSION: Knowing the factors of posttraumatic growth in nursing can be used to devise an intervention to enhance the posttraumatic growth of family caregivers of cancer patient, which can then be applied to a variety of nursing areas.
Caregivers ; Diagnosis ; Hope ; Humans ; Methods ; Nursing ; Quality of Life ; Walkers

PURPOSE: This study was to identify and define the concept of a facilitator and specific attributes for providing basic data on simulation nursing education. METHODS: Using Walker and Avant's (2005) criteria that identify the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of facilitators in simulation nursing education, the findings of research articles published from 2001 to 2017 were reviewed. RESULTS: There were three aspects of the facilitator concept in simulation nursing education: (1) continuous support throughout the entire simulation process; (2) skilled progress based on clinical expertise; (3) guidance for learners to actively understand and reflect on the situation. CONCLUSION: This concept analysis helps us to better understand better facilitators in simulation nursing education.
Education, Nursing ; Nursing Theory ; Nursing ; Patient Simulation ; Walkers