PURPOSE: To compare anthropometric indicators around the hip between osteoporotic fracture group and control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients for osteoporotic hip fracture and the same number of patients for spine fracture who admitted our institute from November 2006 to March 2007 were matched with control patients without osteoporotic fracture. The waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), thigh circumference (TC), and height were measured. From these measurements, waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to thigh ratio (WTR), hip to thigh ratio (HTR), waist to height ratio (WHtR), hip to height ratio (HHtR), and thigh to height ratio (THtR) were calculated. All these indicators were compared between hip fracture and control group, and between spine fracture and control group. RESULTS: Comparison between spine fracture and control group showed that the WC, WHR, WHtR were statistically significant, but all indicators failed to show accuracy in the ROC analysis. Comparison between hip fracture and control group demonstrated the TC, WTR, HTR, WHtR, HHtR, THtR were statistically significant. However, only the HTR showed fair accuracy in the ROC analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) of the HTR was 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.62 to 0.87) (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The HTR was fairly accurate in predicting the incidence of hip fracture compared with any other anthropometric indicators. Therefore, we can consider that the HTR has clinical usefulness.
Femur ; Hip ; Humans ; Incidence ; Osteoporotic Fractures ; ROC Curve ; Spine ; Thigh ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to identify the optimal cutoff values of indices for cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal Korean women. Specifically, we intended to determine the cutoffs of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), serum lipid profile, and homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) for detecting metabolic syndrome (MetS), and metabolic obesity (MO). METHODS: The study participants were 397 postmenopausal women. We defined MetS and MO with the International Diabetes Federation criteria except for waist circumference. A receive operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the accuracy of diagnostic indices for identifying MetS and MO. Cutoff values were obtained both from the point on the receive operating characteristic curve which was closest to (0,1) and from the Youden's index. RESULTS: Among the participants, 34.5% and 73% were classified as having MetS and MO. The optimal cutoff of waist circumference and WHR were 81.9 cm [area under curve (AUC): 0.687, sensitivity: 61.7%, specificity: 68.9%], 0.87 (AUC: 0.660, sensitivity: 64.7%, Specificity: 60.2%) for MetS and 77.4 cm (AUC: 0.655, sensitivity: 65.6%, specificity: 57.8%), 0.86 (AUC: 0.680, sensitivity: 67.0%, specificity: 62.7%) for MO. Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio for MetS and MO were 2.11 (AUC: 0.838, sensitivity: 71.5%, specificity: 79.6%) and 1.59 (AUC: 0.725, sensitivity: 65.9%, specificity: 68.2%) respectively. The HOMA-IR for MetS was 1.36 (AUC: 0.773, sensitivity: 73%, specificity: 71.9%) and for MO was 1.17 (AUC: 0.713, sensitivity: 64.5%, specificity: 69.2%). CONCLUSIONS: For postmenopausal women, we suggest waist circumference of 81.9 cm and WHR of 0.87 as criteria of MetS. However, women with waist circumference over 77.4 cm and WHR over 0.86 should be monitored for the future development of MetS.
Female ; Humans ; Lipoproteins ; Menopause ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

OBJECTIVEWaist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio, which are the indicators or measures of abdominal adiposity, have long been hypothesized to increase the risk of stroke; yet evidence accumulated till date is not conclusive. Here, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to summarize evidences of the association between these measures of abdominal adiposity and the risk of stroke.

METHODSPubMed and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to May 2015. Two investigators independently conducted the study selection and data extraction. Dose-response relationships were assessed by the generalized least squares trend estimation, while the summary effect estimates were evaluated by the use of fixed- or random-effect models. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the potential sources of heterogeneity and the robustness of the pooled estimation. Publication bias of the literature was evaluated using Begg's and Egger's test.

RESULTSAltogether 15 prospective cohort studies were identified in this study. The summary of relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of stroke for the highest versus the lowest categories was 1.28 (1.18-1.40) for waist circumference, 1.32 (1.21-1.44) for waist-to-hip ratio, and 1.49 (1.24-1.78) for waist-to-height ratio. For a 10-cm increase in waist circumference, the relative risk of stroke increased by 10%; for a 0.1-unit increase in waist-to-hip ratio, the relative risk increased by 16%; and for a 0.05-unit increase in waist-to-height ratio, the relative risk increased by 13%. There was evidence of a nonlinear association between waist-to-hip ratio and stroke risk, Pnonlinearity=0.028.

CONCLUSIONFindings from our meta-analysis indicated that waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio were positively associated with the risk of stroke, particularly ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Childhood trauma increases substantial risks for later developing not only mental health issues including psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia but also physical illness. In this study, possible associations of childhood trauma with metabolic syndrome and physical heath indices were tested among outpatients with schizophrenia. METHODS: A final sample of 46 adult outpatients with schizophrenia was recruited from an outpatient psychiatric unit of Hanyang University Guri Hospital. Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), laboratory tests and physical measurement including Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist to hip ratio (WHR). The Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) were also administered. RESULTS: We did not find significant correlations between total scores of childhood trauma and any of these variables, but physical neglect was negatively associated with BMI (r = −0.329, p = 0.026) and waist circumference (r = −0.304, p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, we noted that subtypes of childhood trauma could contribute to physical health status separately. Clinicians need to consider the possibility that childhood trauma may affect physical health as well as psychological aspect of schizophrenic illness.
Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Obesity ; Outpatients* ; Schizophrenia* ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

Noncommunicable diseases are the number one killer globally and it could develop due to various risk factors. This cross-sectional study was aimed to identify these risk factors by assessing body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and blood pressure and to find out the correlation between these risk factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity level. The study samples were 103 students from two universities in Negeri Sembilan state selected by the convenience sampling method. After ethical clearance, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form in English was used to assess the physical activity level. The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Rockport one mile walk test and the other parameters were assessed following the standard protocols. The percentage of overweight (32.04%) and pre-hypertension (25.24%) were higher among students. 35.92% of students reported a low physical activity level and 46.6% having a lower fitness level (fair and poor). The physical activity level correlated with the cardiorespiratory fitness level (P<0.01). The body mass index (P<0.01) and systolic blood pressure (male P 0.05, female P<0.01) negatively correlated with the cardiorespiratory fitness level. Therefore, measures have to be taken to improve the physical activity level and cardiorespiratory fitness to lower the risk of overweight and high blood pressure among university students.
cardiorespiratory fitness ; VO2 max ; Body mass index ; waist circumference ; Waist to hip ratio ; blood pressure

The purpose of this study was to investigate the waist to hip ratio, body fat, BMI(Body Mass Index), weight, serum lipids and to examine the correlation between waist to hip ratio, body fat, BMI(Body Mass Index), weight and serum lipids in obese college women. The subject were 52 college women with a score above 25 on the BMI, between March and May of 2000 at G Women's University. Data has been analyzed by SPSS/PC using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The result of this study are as follows : 1. The mean of body weight and height of the subjects were 72.38kg, 160.23cm. 2. The mean of waist to hip ratio was 0.88, body fat was 38.88%, BMI(Body Mass Index) was 28.15, the level of total cholesterol was 174.88mg/dl, triglyceride was 104.29mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol was 50.83mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol was 104.23mg/dl. 3.Waist to hip ratio was more significantly correlated to triglyceride(r=.34, P<.05) and BMI(Body Mass Index) was more significantly correlated to triglyceride(r=.30, P<.05).
Adipose Tissue* ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Female ; Hip ; Humans ; Triglycerides ; Waist-Hip Ratio*

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between changes in anthropometric indices and fasting insulin levels among healthy adolescents and whether the association differed by baseline obesity status. METHODS: This analysis was based on data collected for the JS High School study; 884 healthy adolescents aged 15 to 16 years followed up for 24 to 30 months were included. Changes in anthropometric indices and fasting insulin levels were computed as the difference between baseline and follow-up values. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine the association between changes in anthropometric indices and fasting insulin levels. Based on body mass index (BMI)-for-age and waist circumference (WC)-for-age percentiles, participants were classified as normal weight (<85th percentile), overweight (85th percentile to <95th percentile), or obese (≥95th percentile). RESULTS: Changes in BMI, WC, waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio were significantly associated with changes in fasting insulin levels in both sexes (P<0.05). In analyses stratified by baseline obesity status, the association between change in BMI and change in fasting insulin was significantly stronger in overweight (males: standardized β=1.136; females: standardized β=1.262) and obese (males: standardized β=1.817; females: standardized β=2.290) participants than in those with normal weight (males: standardized β=0.957; females: standardized β=0.976) at baseline. Results were similar for changes in WC. CONCLUSION: Changes in anthropometric indices were positively associated with fasting insulin level increases. Moreover, those who were overweight or obese at baseline had a higher absolute increase in fasting insulin levels per one standard deviation unit increase in anthropometric indices than adolescents with normal weight.
Adolescent ; Body Mass Index ; Fasting ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Insulin ; Linear Models ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Height Ratio ; Waist-Hip Ratio

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to find an independent relationship between waist circumference/waist-to-hip ratio which estimates abdominal fat and fasting insulin/atherogenic index which is a predictor of coronary heart disease in obese women. METHODS: The subjects were 80 obese (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) women. Whole body fat was estimated by body fat mass, % body fat using bioelectrical impedence, and by BMI. Abdominal fat was measured by waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio. Fasting insulin was examined and atherogenic index was defined asthe ratio of serum total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol. Independent association between abdominal fat and insulin/AI was analyzed using partial correlation, multiple regression and Hotelling t-test. RESULTS: Among subjects, 85.7% of obese women had WC greater or equal to 80 cm. The mean BMI was 30.3 kg/m2. The partial correlations between whole body fat and insulin/AI were not significantly different from the partial correlations between abdominal fat and insulin/AI. When age and height were adjusted, partial correlations between abdominal fat and insulin were 0.38 and 0.39. The partial correlations were reduced to 0.15-0.29 after further adjusting for whole body fat. Age and height-adjusted partial correlations between abdominal fat and AI were 0.34 and 0.36. The partial correlations were reduced to 0.11-0.17 when whole body fat was additionally adjusted. Whole body fat explained 9.9-13.7% for variability of insulin; abdominal fat explained 14.2% and 15.9%. Whole body fat explained 12.5-12.8% for variability of AI and abdominal fat explained 11.9%. CONCLUSION: Most of the obese women showed abdominal obesity. Abdominal fat did not seem to be independently associated with fasting insulin and atherogenic index.
Abdominal Fat* ; Adipose Tissue ; Cholesterol ; Coronary Disease ; Fasting ; Female* ; Humans ; Insulin* ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

BACKGROUND: Many studies have aimed to determine whether body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), or waist to hip ratio (WHR) best predicts hypertension in diabetic patients, with conflicting results. However, no study has examined the specific relationship between these anthropometric parameters with sustained normotension (SNT), white coat hypertension (WCHT), masked hypertension (MHT), and sustained hypertension (SHT) based on office and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements in these patients. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes underwent the following procedures: history taking, measurements of anthropometric parameters, office and ambulatory BP measurements, physical examination, laboratory analysis, and random and 24-hour urine analysis. RESULTS: In total, there were 65 dippers and 37 nondipper patients. None of the anthropometric parameters were different between the dippers and the nondippers. There were 25 patients with SNT, 32 with WCHT, seven with MHT, and 38 with SHT. A comparison of anthropometric parameters between these four groups of patients showed that WC (P=0.016) and WHR (P=0.015) were different among all groups. According to regression analysis, only BMI was independently related with MHT (odds ratio [OR], 1.373, P=0.022), whereas only WC has been associated with SHT (OR, 1.321, P=0.041). CONCLUSION: Among anthropometric parameters, only WC and WHR were different in SNT, WCHT, MHT, and SHT in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes.
Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Masked Hypertension ; Masks ; Physical Examination ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio ; White Coat Hypertension

OBJECTIVETo explore risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in men in order to provide a theoretical basis for developing more effective NAFLD prevention and control strategies.

METHODSOne-hundred-and-two male patients (37.3+/-11.4 years old) hospitalized with NAFLD at the Dongnan Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University between January 2009 and December 2010 were enrolled in the study, along with 23 age-matched healthy men (34.4+/-16.7 years old) to serve as the control group. The correlation(s) of body mass index (BMI; overweight defined as more than or equal to 22.717 kg/m2), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; central obesity defined as more than or equal to 0.866), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) with NAFLD was analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to select proper thresholds for classification.

RESULTSBMI, WC, WHR, FPG, TG, and TC were significantly different between the cases and controls (P less than 0.01). BMI, WC, WHR, TG and TC were identified as risk factors of NAFLD in these male cases (P less than 0.01). Relative to WC, TG and TC, both BMI and WHR had significant predictive value for NAFLD (odds ratio (OR) = 10.819 and 10.588, respectively). In addition, BMI had the highest diagnostic value for the prediction of NAFLD (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.931) followed by WHR (AUC = 0.879).

CONCLUSIONBMI, WC, WHR, TG, and TC are risk factors of NAFLD in Chinese men. BMI and WHR are effective anthroposomatology indices of NAFLD and may be useful factors on which to base future prevention and early diagnosis strategies for NAFLD in males.