Dendritic spines are functional protrusions on neuron dendrites and formation of excitatory synaptic sites.Dendritic spines contain a variety of cell surface receptors,actin cytoskeleton,scaffolding proteins and other components,which regulate the growth of dendritic spines maturation and structure.Multiple components within dendritic spines not only have effects on expression of its shape and structure,but also on the function.Morphology of dendritic spines is closely related with its function.Its shape is affected by many factors in the changing process.So dendritic spine plasticity is an important aspect of synaptic function in the central nervous system,and is closely related with learning and memory function and central nervous system diseases.

Aquaporins (AQP) are membrane channel proteins which facilitate water transport through cell membranes.AQP4 is abundantly expressed in brain which is located in endfeet of astrocytes adjacent to capillaries,neurons,and neuronal synapses.It has also been identified in neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.AQP are closely related to many central nervous system diseases.Researches have showed that AQP4 participates in regulating and controling process of cerebral edema that caused by brain trauma,cerebral ischemia,intracranial infection and mmour,etc.AQP4 antibody is specific biological markers in serum of patients with neuromyelitis,which helps diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis,predicting prognosis and therapy of neuromyelitis optica.AQP4 has been shown to play roles in pathological and physiological process of neurodegenerative diseases,epilepsy,migraine.This article aims to review the distribution,function,influential factors of AQP4 and research development of AQP4 in common diseases of the central nervous system.

During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),ventilation is provided by either mouth-to-mouth or bag-mask technique,and give 12 to 20 times breaths per minute.Ventilation should deliver 8 to 10 times breaths per minute after endotracheal intubation.Compression-ventilation ratio is 30∶2 for one rescuerand 15∶2 for two rescuers.After the return of spontaneous circulation,if no spontaneous breathing or irregular,respiratory insufficiency,mechanical ventilation is required.High oxygen and excessive ventilation after CPR should be avoided.When acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs after CPR,lung protective ventilation strategy is applicable.

Gene chip technology is a large amount of information,simple operation,fast speed of the nucleic acid sequence determination and quantitative analysis technique.The advantages of this technology include high integration and high content of micromation,parallelism,diversification and automatization.Currently,gene chip technology is increasingly being used in clinic,including disease diagnosis,treatment guidelines and prognosis.The progresses of the diagnosis of the gene chip technology in unexplained mental retardation are summarized in this paper.

ObjectiveTo discuss the infiuence of personalized nursing intervention on success rate of holding breathing in patients undergoing dual-source CT imaging.Methods167 cases of patients were randomly divided into the observation group(100 cases)and the control group(67 cases). The control group implemented routine care, on the basis of routine care, the observation group was given pertinent and individualized nursing intervemion according to the factors causing failure of holding breathing, including better psychological counseling for patients, the right guidance, to alleviate symptoms, to improve comfort degree, to give clinical evaluation after inspection, et al.ResultsThe success rate of holding breathing in the observation group and the control group was 99.0％ and 88.1％, the observation group was significantly higher than the control group.ConclusionsHealth education for patients, attention to patients' illness, mental state, cognitive and behavioral changes in a timely manner to give individualized nursing intervention and seriously check the implementation of results in patients, can effectively improve the success rate of holding breathing in patients undergoing dual-source CT coronary angiography.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of refractory atelectasis treated with high dose ambroxol.Methods 112 patients with refractory atelectasis were selected as research subjects.All the patients were divided into two groups with each group 56 patients according to admission order.The control group received symptom treatment,physics treatment and routine dosage ambroxol,while the observation group received high dose ambroxol.The clinical effect and safe between two groups were compared.Results The excellence rate and total effective rate of the observation group were 71.43％ (40/56) and 100.00％ (56/56),respectively,which were higher than 51.79％ (29/56) and 83.93％ (47/56) of the control group (x2 =4.57,9.79,all P ＜ 0.05).There were no statistical difference on the total adverse effect incidence rates between the two groups(x2 =0.15,P ＞0.05).No other sever adverse effects happened in both groups.Conclusion Compared with routine dosage ambroxol,the clinical effect of refractory atelectasis treated with high dose ambroxol was better.The treatment was also safe.It was worth generalizing on the treatment of refractory atelectasis.

Objective An initial study on the cognition of the relationship between clinical and management staff for the purpose of improvements. Methods Questionnaires were issued to 38 clinical medical staff and 26 hospital management staff, regarding this relationship. Results Consensus is found between the two groups regarding clinical involvement in management, teamwork and exchange, and cognition on the competence and capability of the other party, P>0.05. On the other hand, however,cognitive differences are found regarding mutual penetration, power balance and implementation of policies and systems. Conclusions In-depth cooperation and understanding between the two groups and the mutual conversion of their behaviors and concepts are the cornerstones of an ideal relationship between clinical staff and management staff.

Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infective disease in children, which is caused by viruses mostly. A view that bronchiolitis is a special pattern of manifestation of asthma is accepted widely. In the past few years, many agents appeared as a inducement from bronchiolitis to asthma, such as family histoty and atopy. At the same time, the life style of infants( feeding patterns,infective frequency ,environment exposure)plays a role in this process. Studying these factors will help doctors to detect people with high risk, and supply treatment earlier.

With the development of income per capita,"high personal medical expenditure" shows the wider of disease risk,which is resulted from the increasing medical payment and imperfect risk pooling.The former that is related with the excess delivery of advance medical technology and drug has been a dominating reason since 1980.And the imperfect risk pooling means the imperfect social medical insurance,of which the government should take charge.However,influenced by the reform policies of the economic systems,similar to all the transitional economies reducing the government role in healthcare financing,China has put an increasing emphasis on the payroll tax-based social insurance system and out-pockets payment,moving away from a predominantly general revenue-based financing system under the old command economy.In a conclusion,the Chinese Government should make clear the financing function,and replace fee-for-service(FFS) payment according to the distorted pricing system with aggregated pre-payment for patients covered by social insurance to mitigate the incentive for cost escalation.Meanwhile,the target of the new medical reform that should resolve the problem of high personal medical expenditure is demanding and perfecting the social medical insurance with wider risk pooling.

Objective: To explore the effect of the application of ICQ technology in constructing a harmonious environment for nursing staff.Method: The Internet,support from Tencent network,ICQ technology are employed to conduct on line communication among nursing staff.Result: the Working and interpersonal connection environment is remarkably improved by the application of ICQ technology,thus it is of great significance in constructing a harmonious relation among nursing staff and enhancing medical service quality.