Objective: To prepare and identify recombinant human IL 2/GM CSF(rhIL 2/GM CSF) fusion protein antibodies and to study its specificity and its effect on fusion protein biological activity. Methods: rhIL 2 /GM CSF fusion protein was purified by DEAE Sepharose FF ion exchange chromatography. The purified protein was used to immunize rabbits for the preparation of antisera. The titer and specificity of the antisera were detected by ELISA and Dot ELISA and the biological activity by cell proliferation. Results: The antisera not only reacted with the rhIL 2/GM CSF, IL 2 and GM CSF, but also inhibited the biological activity of the rhIL 2/GM CSF, IL 2 and GM CSF. Conclusion: The obtained antisera can be used to study the structure and function of the rhIL 2/GM CSF.

Cerebrolysin is an aqueous mixture of amino acids extracted from porcine brain.Cerebrolysin, contains a variety of amino acids and low molecular weight peptides, are permeable to the blood-brain barrier and blood-ocular barrier and can directly act on neurons in the CNS.As amino acid-based neuroprotective reagents, cerebrolysin can improve the neuronal metabolism, promote synapse formation and induce neuronal differentiation, and thus elicit neuroprotective efffectagainst insults such as ischemia , neurotoxins and so on.Cerebrolysin is clinicly used to treat eye diseases such as traumatic eye damage, glaucoma, optic atrophy ect.This paper systematically summarizes the studies on preclinical and clinical application of cerebrolysin in ophthalmology.

Objective To study the role of JAK-STAT singal transduction pathway in the interstitial fibrosis of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO)mice. Methods Mice UUO model was established and the phosphorylation of JAK-STAT was examined at day 1,4,7 and 14 after ligation of the ureter.Mice in the treatment group were treated with daily injection of selective JAK2 inhibitor AG490 starting 2 h before ureter ligation until sacrifice while vehicle alone was given to mice in the model control group.Mice were sacrificed at day 14 after the establishment of model.Renal tubular lesion and interstitial fibrosis were assessed on paraffin section.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect renal macrophage infihration and α-SMA expression.The expression of collagen Ⅲ and MCP-1 mRNA was measured by RT-PCR.Phosphorylation of JAK2and STAT1 was examined by Western blotting. Results JAK2-STAT1 signaling transduction pathway was activated in UUO model.The activation of JAK2-STAT1 was closely correlated with the progression of renal injury,tubular histological lesions and interstitial fibrosis.AG490 treatment significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT1 (P＜0.01).AG490 treatment also significantly reduced tubular lesions[(21.7 ±1.7)% vs (49.4±1.0)%]and interstitial fibrosis(1.0±0.1 vs 2.3±0.2),α-SMA expression(0.9±0.1 vs 2.1±0.2)and maerophage accumulation[(13.3±1.6)cells/HPF vs (34.4±1.0)cells/HPF](all P＜0.01).In addition,AG490 significantly inhibited the expression of collagen Ⅲ and MCP-1 mRNA. Conclusion JAK-STAT signaling plays an important role in renal tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis.

Objective To Explore the significance of successful exposing and recognizing Zuckerkandl's tuhercle(ZT)during thyroidectomy.Methods Three hundred and seventy patients(501 sides) underwent lobectomy or total thyroidectomy from January 2009 to June 2011 were included in this study.The ZT was assessed in terms of its presence or absence,size and anatomical association with the recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN)and superior parathyroid(SP).Results ZTs were found in 412 of 501 sides ( 82.2％ ),among which 368(89.3％ ) ZTs were located in the middle third of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland.ZTs passed over the RLN in 379 of 412 sides(92.0％ ).When the ZTs were located in the middle or lower third of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland,the SPs were all located in the cranial portion of ZT.The SP was adhered to the ZT in 80.1％ of the cases.RLN damage rate was 0.40％,and no SP damage occurred.Conclusion Exposing and recognizing Zuckerkandl's tubercle during thyroidectomy is of important clinical significance,which helps to identify and protect RLN and SP,so as to reduce surgical complications.

Cerebrolysin is an aqueous mixture of amino acids extracted from porcine brain, and mainly composed of 85% free amino acids and 15%small peptides. Cerebrolysin increase the metabolism of amino acids and glucose transport in the brain, improve the anti-anoxia ability of cells, and to enhance the brain's resistance to various types of malignant stimulation like stress and damage. Cerebrolysin can also promote synapse formation, induce neuronal differentiation, and help reverse brain injury. Because of its efficacy and safety, cerebrolysin has been widely used in the pediatric clinical practice, and primarily to treat neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, childcerebral palsy, hyperactivity disorder, speech communication disorders, etc.The clinical symptoms were improved to some extent after the treatment of cerebrolysin. The recovery of consciousness, enhancement of comprehensionand memory, and improvement of the extremity motor function were observed. The treatment of cerebrolysincan not only enhance the cure rate, but also reduce the incidence of sequelae. This paper systematically summarized the clinical application of cerebrolysin in the pediatric population and relevant preclinical studies, to provide more guidance for clinical application of cerebrolysin in the treatment of pediatric diseases.

Heteroclitin D (H.D) was successfully isolated from Kadsurae Caulis by using flash chromatography and recrystallized by methanol, 10.2 mg of H.D was obtained from 4.86 g of crude extract, and the purity determined by HPLC was 99.4%. The structure was identified by UV, IR, MS, and NMR analysis. The fast, simple and efficient method can be applied to the preparation of reference substance of H. D.

Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to study biotoxicity of food preservative sodium benzoate (SB) at the single cellular level. Lymphocyte morphology and membrane ultrastructure treated with SB at different concentrations and time were analyzed visually. As compared to the normal lymphocyte, the cell morphology and membrane was significantly changed and its ultrastructure was also complicated. After treated with SB, the Rp-v, Rq, Ra and Z values were changed. The statistical analysis of lymphocytes after treated with SB was studied, and discussed its mechanism.
Animals ; Cell Membrane ; ultrastructure ; Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Sodium Benzoate ; toxicity

The expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), serine-threonine kinase (Akt), 4E-binding protein (4EBP1), phophorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinasel (p70S6Kl) and ribosomal protein S6 ( S6) were detected with immunohistochemistry in 48 cases of human breast cancer. Tumors high-expressing HER2 showed higher Akt expression as compared to tumors with negative HER2 (P < 0. 01). Levels of Akt were correlated with the downstream molecules 4EBP1 ( P < 0. 01) and p70S6K ( P < 0. 05 ). 4EBP1 was mainly expressed in poorly differentiated tumors (P <0. 01) and correlated with tumor size ( P < 0. 05) , lymph node metastasis ( P < 0. 01) and locoregional recurrences ( P < 0. 01). Results suggest that 4EBPl may be the main factor in PI-phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian targot of rapanycin signal transduction pathways, which is associated with grade of malignancy and prognosis of breast cancer.

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the urinary system, among which urothelial carcinoma is the main one. The traditional treatment methods are mainly surgical resection and chemotherapy, but the treatment effect of advanced patients is not good, and the prognosis is poor. In recent years, with the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, there are many treatment options that are more effective than traditional therapies. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)and programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)inhibitors stop the negative regulation of the immune system by blocking the binding of PD-1 and PD-L1, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor activity of the body's immune system. This article mainly reviews the efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors commonly used in the clinical treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urinary tract carcinoma of the bladder.

Inflammatory myofibroblastoma is a rare soft tissue tumor that is most common in the lungs and less common in the bladder. Inflammatory myofibroblastoma is a borderline tumor with a probability of malignant transformation, and surgical resection is the preferred treatment. Umbilical duct cysts belong to benign lesions and can be treated conservatively for asymptomatic patients. Surgical resection is preferred for those with concurrent infections. Due to the lack of specificity in clinical and imaging manifestations of cystitis myofibroblastoma, it is prone to misdiagnosis and over treatment. Currently, the diagnosis mainly relies on postoperative pathological results.