Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Endemic Diseases ; prevention & control ; Feces ; parasitology ; Humans ; Schistosomiasis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control

China ; Humans ; Preventive Health Services ; organization & administration ; Schistosomiasis ; prevention & control

China ; Global Health ; Humans ; Public Health ; methods ; standards ; trends

Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a group of disorders characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) associated with optic nerve degeneration and visual field damage.With the application of molecular biology in ophthalmology,at least 20 chromosome loci have been identified to be linked to POAG.Only 3 causative genes were identified from these loci,i.e.myocilin (MYOC),optineurin (OPTN) and WD repeat domain 36 (WDR36),which altogether account for less than 10％ of POAG.Only a portion of POAG Complies with Mendelian inheritance,and a considerable fraction results from a large number of variants in multiple genes,each contributing less effects.The main technological approaches include family linkage analysis,genome-wide scan,casecontrol association study,etc.Association studies found at least 16 genes to be related to POAG,but reports on glaucoma-causing effects of these genes are conflicting.In this article,we reviewed the POAG related genes,especially the four well known causative genes of MYOC,OPTN,WDR36,and CA V1/CA V2,in terms of their locations,structures,functions,and mutations.

Aged ; Anthracosis ; physiopathology ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Middle Aged

Humans ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal

Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Tooth Diseases ; etiology ; pathology ; prevention & control

Dental Pulp Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Periapical Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; Problem Solving ; Radiography ; X-Rays

The study of peptide drugs has been an important direction in research and development of new drugs. However, lots of natural macromolecular peptides are limited in clinical use by their metabolic instability and low bioavailability. In recent years, the active small peptidomimetics open up a new hotspot of peptide drug development with the characteristics of low molecular weight, high bioactivity and structural modification. Many peptidomimetics are on the market or on the clinical study. This paper elaborated the small peptidomimetics approved by American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2005 to 2014, and reviewed their researching status with source, synthetic method, chemical structure, marketing time, indication, clinical efficacy and safety. Research prospects in this field were discussed.
Biomedical Research ; trends ; Peptidomimetics ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration

Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Sinusitis ; diagnosis ; therapy