It is well known that unilateral nephrectomy induces a series of morphological changes in the remaining kidney. These morphological changes called as "compensatory hypertrophy and hyperplasia" are associated with numerous functional changes of the remnant kidney, such as relative increase in the glomerular filtration rate and the renal plasma flow as well as changes in the renal concentrating ability. However, changes in the water and electrolytes excretion following unilateral nephrectomy have not been extensively studied. Hence, this investigation was undertaken to study the excretory pattern of water and electrolytes through the remaining kidney following unilateral nephrectomy. Experiments were carried out in 23 hydropenic dogs, weighing 10~16 kg, of which 5 dogs were used for acute experiments (4 hrs. after nephrectomy) and 18 dogs for chronic experiments (2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks after nephrectomy). Following intravenous administration of appropriate amounts of inulin and PAH, plasma and urine samples were obtained and were analyzed for the concentration of inulin, PAH, osmolarity, Na, K and urea. In chronic experiments, Animals were allowed to have free access to the food and water during intervals. Four slices of the tissue from papilla to cortex were cut for each kidney. The Na, K, Cl and urea concentrations of the slice were then determined in slice extracts. Also four slices of the kidney cortex were obtained and analyzed for concentration of PAH. Results may be briefly summarized as follows. 1. After unilateral nephrectomy, the weight of the remaining kidney increased about 30 percent in 2-6 Weeks. 2. During 1 hours after unilateral nephrectomy, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the remaining kidney showed no significant changes while the renal plasma flow (RPF) decreased gradually to a level below the control. In chronic experiments, the GFR showed no change after the nephrectomy whereas the RPF showed a 20 percent increased, thus reducing the filtration fraction. 3. During 1 hours after unilateral nephrectomy, the urine osmolarity revealed no significant changes while the fractional excretion of the filtered osmotic substance, water, sodium and potassium were gradually increased, indicating relative impairments of the tubular reabsorption of these substances. 4. During 2.-,6 weeks after unilateral nephrectomy, the renal concentrating ability of the remaining kidney was significantly impaired. The fractional excretion of the filtered water was most markedly increased while the tubular reabsorption of urea was somewhat increased. 4. No significant changes in plasma composition was noted in all animals, indicating that the overall homeostatic mechanism is apparently well maintained even after unilateral nephrectomy, 6. PAH concentration in the slices of renal cortex after unilateral nephrectomy were markedly increased, suggesting that the increase of PAH uptake on the renal cortex is partially attributable to a increase of the tubular mass of remaining kidney. 7. Medullary and papillary Na and Cl concentration was somewhat lower in the chronic experiments, indicating that the renal concenting operation is impaired in unilateral nephrectomized kidney primarily because of corresponding reduction in the medullary osmotic gradient. However, total papillary osmotic concentration at a given urine osmolarity was no significantly changed in before and after unilateral nephrectomy.
Administration, Intravenous ; Animals ; Dogs ; Electrolytes ; Filtration ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Hypertrophy ; Inulin ; Kidney ; Kidney Cortex ; Nephrectomy* ; Osmolar Concentration ; Plasma ; Potassium ; Renal Plasma Flow ; Sodium ; Urea ; Water

Experimental materials were healthy rabbits weighing around 2Kgs and were fed with bean curd through the experimental period. The rabbits used in these experiments were divided into three groups; Normal group, Acidosis group and Alkalosis group, each of these groups were also divided into two groups; Sensitized group and Non-sensitized group. In the normal group, the rabbits were fed with ordinary food. In thc second group, for producing acidosis, 5gms of white sugar per Kg of body weight mixing with ordinary food was given for 60 days. In the third group, for the sake of Alkalosis, 0.1 gm of calcium chloride per Kg of body weight mixing with ordinary food was added for 60 days. For sensitizing, 1cc of horse serum per Kg. of body weight was injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall, 4times every other day. Non-sensitizing groups-These groups were not sensitized and were used as the controll, A single injection of normal horse serum O. Icc per Kg. of body weight was injected into the subserosa of thc trigonum vesicae. Sensitized groups-Two weeks after the sensitization, reinjection was carried out in the same manner used in the non-sensitized groups. For the determination of acidosis and alkalosis, the CO2 combining power of the blood plasma of the whole rabbits were measured by Van Slyke's method. The CO2 combining power of the blood plasma in the Normal group showed the range of 42.0-50.5 Vol% in the Acidosis group showed 30.5-36.0 Vol%, and in the Alkalosis group, 52.0-68.5 VOl%. After the injection of horse serum into the urinary bladder wall. the rabbits were killed at the intervals of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, hrs and 1, 2 weeks by air embolism. And then the trigonum vesicae which were injected of horse scrum were excised and examined grossly and microscopically. For the histological examination, they were fixed in the 10% formalin. and stained by Haematoxylin-Eosin and Van Gieson'a methad. Results 1. Severe allergic changes occurred in the urinary bladder wall withthe reinjection of horse serum into the urinary bladder wall subserora of trigonum vesicae in the normal sensitized group. 2. More severe allergic changes were noted in the snsitized acidosis group than that in the normal sensitized group. 3. These allergic changes were milder in the sensitazed alkalosis group than that in the normal sensitized group. According to the above experiments, it was noted thc Acidosis group showed the most serious histological changes and proved that Acidosis influences the aggravation of allergic changes and Alkalosis somewhat reduces them in thc urinary bladder.
Abdominal Wall ; Acidosis ; Alkalosis* ; Body Weight ; Calcium Chloride ; Dronabinol ; Embolism, Air ; Formaldehyde ; Horses ; Plasma ; Rabbits ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Urinary Bladder*

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is increasing year by year all over the world.Hepatoma has become one of the main causes of cancer-related death.For many years,studies found the chronic hepatitis B virus infection is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma,and antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus could obviously reduce the incidence of hepatoma and prevent recurrence after hepatectomy.Making appropriate risk estimation in patients with chronic hepatitis B and providing patients with high risk the effective medical intervention can help to prevent the occurrence and delay the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Multidrug regimens and corresponding drug interactions cause many adverse reactions and treatment failures. Drug efflux transporters: P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in conjunction with metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450, CYP450) are major factors in such interaction. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that P-gp plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of its substrates that are also substrates of CYP3A4. Combined actions of P-gp and CYP3A could account in some part for the low oral bioavailability determined for many of these dual substrates. P-gp along with efflux transporters (MRP and BCRP) having overlapping substrate specificity plays critical role in drug disposition. The relationship between MRP or BCRP and CYP3A is similar to that between P-gp and CYP3A. In this paper, we summarize the classification of efflux transporters, the main metabolizing enzymes CYP3A, clinical significance interactions mediated by efflux transporters and CYP450 enzymes and in vitro studies.

Liquichip is a new type of biochip emerging in the 1990s, which is integrated flow cytometry, laser technology, digital signal processing and traditional chemical technology with the greatest features of high-throughput and high-flexibility. Luminex has promoted new products from Luminex 100/200 to Flexmap 3D. This is an introduction to the development, principle, and application of Luminex liquichip.

To investigate the chemical constituents of the roots of Andrographis paniculata, 28 compounds were isolated and identified from the 80% ethanol extract. There are 20 flavonoids: 5, 5'-dihydroxy-7, 8, 2'-trimetroxyflavone (1), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2', 6'-tetramethoxyflavone (2), 5, 3'-dihydroxy-7, 8, 4'-trimethoxyflavone (3), 2'-hydroxy-5, 7, 8-trimethoxyflavone (4), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2', 3', 4'-pentamethoxyflavone (6), wightin (7), 5, 2', 6'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone 2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), 5, 7, 8, 2'-tetramethoxyflavone (10), 5-hydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxyflavanone (11), 5-hydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxyflavone (12), 5, 2'-dihydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxyflavone (13), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2', 5'-tetramethoxyflavone (14), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2', 3'-tetramethoxyflavone (15), 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2'-trimethoxyflavone (16), 5, 4'-dihydroxy-7, 8, 2', 3'-tetramethoxyflavone (17), dihydroneobaicalein (18), andrographidine A (19), andrographidine B (20), andrographidine C (21) and 5, 2'-dihydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxyflavone 2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (22); three diterpenoids: andrograpanin (23), neoandrographolide (24) and andrographolide (25); two phenylpropanoids: trans-cinnamic acid (26) and 4-hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (5); and oleanolic acid (9), beta-sitosterol (27) and beta-daucosterol (28). Compound 1 is a new flavone, compound 4 is a new natural product, compounds 2, 3 and 5 were isolated from the Androggraphis genus for the first time and compounds 6-9 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) is a simple, reliable and systematic approach for evaluating early ischemic changes in middle cerebral artery territory in patients with ischemic stroke. It can be used to conduct rapid semi-quantitative evaluation of ischemic lesions and help to determine the thrombolytic effect and long-term prognosis. The development of multimodal CT and MRI techniques have enriched the application scope of ASPECTS and have improved the validity and reliability of disease judgment. The development of the posterior circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT Score has made the fast scores extend to posterior circulation stroke, which is beneficial for all the patients with ischemic stroke to conduct early imaging scores. This article reviews the principle of the ASPECTS system, composition, its application in multimodal CT and MRI, as well as the posterior circulation scores.

Objective:To investigate the specific stimulation of the B cell epitope peptides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen (Mtb-Ag) on human peripheral γδ T cell proliferation.Methods: We selected the sequences of B cell epitope peptide from Mtb-Ag that were reported in literature and T cell epitope peptide that recently identified in this laboratory to synthesize six peptides of B cell epitopes (BP1-BP6) and two peptides of γδ T cell epitopes (TP14,TP15).The 24-well culture plates were coated with these peptides.The PBMCs were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy individuals and stained with CFSE,followed cultured for 12 days in the IL-2 containing medium.Mtb heat resistant antigen ( Mtb-HAg ) group as positive control and IL-2 only group as negative control.The percentages and proliferation index of γδ T cells were determined by flow cytometry.Results: By using Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired comparison of negative control group,the percentages of γδ T cells in cultured PBMCs with BP2,BP4 and TP14, TP15 and Mtb-HAg increased significantly in 14 samples (P<0.05);and the proliferation index of γδT cell in cultured PBMCs with BP2,BP4,BP5,BP6 and TP14,TP15 increased significantly in 7 samples (P<0.05).Conclusion: Taken together,the B cell epitope peptides from Mtb Antigens are capable of stimulating the γδ T cell proliferation specifically in vitro.Although there was individual difference inγδT cell proliferative response to B cell epitope peptides,these results strongly suggest the B cell epitope peptides also can specifically trigger the TCR ofγδT cells.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly malignant liver tumor with strong invasion and poor prognosis. ICC originates from the bile duct and locates in the liver, so it is classified as either primary liver cancer or cholangiocarcinoma, which the classification is indeterminate and the pathological typing is still debatable. The mechanism of ICC induced by many high-risk factors is still unclear. There are no characteristic manifestations in early symptom and no specific tumor markers, and the diagnosis of ICC mainly depends on imaging examination, which enhanced CT and MRI are the most important evaluation method. TNM staging of ICC is of great significance to guide the treatment, nevertheless, the division of T stage updated by AJCC 8th Edition is still controversial. Radical surgery is the only way to cure ICC currently, but there are still many controversies on definition of R0 resection and the scope of lymph node dissection. The application of local therapy and the rapid development of immunity and targeted therapy bring new hope for the transformation therapy of locally advanced patients, however, the efficacy needs to be verified by multi center large sample clinical studies. To grasp the current focus issues in diagnosis and treatment of ICC timely will be an important direction of basic and clinical research of ICC in the future.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the value and social effect of the regulation by the indicator of drug proportion. METH-ODS:The scientificity and rationality of pharmaceutical proportion and the regulation activity by the indicator of drug proportion was analyzed by analyzing the connotation and influential factors of drug proportion and the method of comparative study,qualita-tive analysis and quantitative analysis. RESULTS:There was great difference in connotation and value between international drug proportion and domestic one. Indicator of drug proportion had no direct relation to pharmaceuticals consumption control and rational drug use;the value and effect of the regulation activity in a hospital by the indicator of drug proportion were far from complete and required further research. CONCLUSIONS:Health administrative department and policy decisions department should further re-search and objectively evaluate the value and effect of the regulation activity in a hospital by the indicator of drug proportion. Whether the regulation activity in a hospital by the indicator of drug proportion carry out based on scientific verification;if neces-sary,the indicator of drug proportion should be cancelled or adjusted in hospital management and evaluation indicator system.