Abstract Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spinal deformity. With increasing incidence in recent years, it has become an important public health problem threatening the health of adolescents. Adolescence is an important period for accelerated human growth and development, and endocrine hormones will change significantly during this period. Studies have shown that melatonin, estrogen, vitamin D and leptin are closely related to the production and development of scoliosis. Exploring the role of endocrine hormones in the pathogenesis of AIS can provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of AIS.