Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies that are life-treatening to human beings.It ranks the first both in morbidity and mortality of malignant tumors.Early diagnosis,accurate staging,proper treatment and improvement of prognosis are the focuses of related studies in recent years.Imaging diagnosis is the main method for diagnosis of lung cancer.The development of imaging diagnosis and the application of advanced techniques such as CT scan,low-dose helical CT scan,MRI,PET and PET-CT ,play a great role in early diagnosis and staging of lung cancer.Recent researches have demonstrated that ET is one of the most efficient non-invasive methods for diagnosis of lung cancers.However,PET has limitation in precise location of the focus.PET-CT integrates the functions of CT and PET together,and is able to locate the focus precisely.This article mainly reviews the value of PET-CT in the diagnosis of lung cancer.

The incidence of lung cancer ranks the first among malignancies in China. Studies on molecular-targeted therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have atracted more attention. However, many patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) manifest primary symptoms at the beginning of therapy;other patients develop drug resistance after they receive EGFR-TKI treatment for a period. This review describes the progress on drug resistance mechanisms of EGFR-TKIs at a molecular level and the significance of such inhibitors in clinical application.

Objective To study the impact of beeswax removal on the content of total flavonoids separated from propolis. Methods Rutin was used as contrast calibre, and content of total flavonoids was determined by using UV spectrophotometric method. Results 8.5% of the total flavonoids lost after beeswax were removed from propolis,but the amount of total flavonoids in the process propolis and water containing was stiu much higher than that mentioned in the natural unprocessed condition. Conclusion There was little impact of beeswax removal on content of total flavonoids. Beeswax as impurity would be removed when propoli as medicine was used in complex Chinese patent medicine for treatment of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases.

Objective To investigate the destructive effect of CSC-DC-CIK who were induced by cytokine induced killer (CIK) cells co-cultured with dendritic cells (DCs) on homologous tumor cells and to explore the possibility of CSC anti-gen involving in killing tumor. Methods Kidney cancer stem cells (KSCs) and lung cancer stem cells (LSCs) were isolated through FACS using CD133 +as a selection marker from cultured kidney cancer cell line A498 and lung cancer cell line A549 respectively. Freeze-thaw method was used to obtain the cancer stem cells(CSCs)antigens. DC cells and CIK cells were collected by in vitro expansion and inducted from the mononuclear cells isolated from human cord blood. The CIK cells were co-cultured with the DCs which were pulsed with the CSCs antigens(CSC-DC-CIK)mentioned above. Immunopheno-types of DC and CIK were analyzed by flow cytometry;cytokines levels were detected by ELISA kits and the destructive ef-fects of two kinds of CSC-DC-CIKs were tested by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Results The expression of phenotypes CD40+, CD80+, CD86+and HLA-DR+were higher in CSC-DC than in CD(P<0.01);the expression of pheno-types CD40+, CD80+, CD86+and HLA-DR+of DC and CSC-DC were higher after co-culture than those before co-culture( P<0.01);the expression of phenotypes CD40+, CD80+, CD86+and HLA-DR+of CSC-DC after been co-cultured with CIK were higher than those of DC after been co-cultured with CIK(P<0.01). The CIK phenotypes:CD3+, CD8+, CD56+were in-creased in CIK co-cultured with both CSC-DC and DC than those before co-culture (P<0.01);the expression of pheno-types CD3+, CD8+, CD56 +were higher in CSC-DC co-cultured with CIK than in DC co-cultured with CIK. DC-CIK and CSC-DC-CIK groups were more capable to express IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 than they were before co-cultured with CIK (P<0.01). CSC-DC-CIK group can secrete more above cytokines than DC-CIK group does(P<0.01). The destructive rates of KSC-DC-CIK and LSC-DC-CIK on target cells were (50.21 ± 4.24)%and (49.32 ± 3.89)%respectively which were much higher than that in DC-CIK(30.25±3.11)%(F=89.157,P<0.01). Conclusion CSC-DC-CIKs have destructive effects on homologous tumor cells. More researches are needed to explore the mechanism and to evaluate the clinical applications.

Prostate cancer is one of the life threatening disorders for human being, which has a high incidence over the world. At present, treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, cryosurgery, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy etc. Also, dietary modifications may decrease incidence of developing prostate cancer. This article summarizes current treat-ments, which may be helpful to prevent life threatening disease.

Objective To compare the transurenthral resection to radical cystectomy on muscle invasive bladder cancer, and to explore the factors affecting the prognosis. Methods Data of 74 patients with muscle invasive bladder can?cer were retrospectively analyzed. There were 38 cases underwent radical cystectomy (group A), and were treated with intra?venous chemotherapy after operation. There were 36 cases underwent transurenthral resection (group B), and were treated with intravenous and urinary bladder irrigation chemotherapy. All patients were followed up 61 (5-91) months. Data were compared between two groups including duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, the cumulative length of hospital stay, cancer recurrence rate and 5-year survival rate . The factors may affecting the prognosis in patients were collected and ana?lyzed by the Log-rank univariate and Cox multivariate analyzed. Results The values of operation time, intraoperative blood loss and the cumulative length of hospital stay were significantly lower in group B than those of group A ( P<0.01). There were no significant differences in cancer recurrence rate and 5-year survival rate between two groups (P>0.05). Results of the Log-rank univariate analysis showed that the tumor size≥5 cm and T3 stage were the important factors of 5-year relapse-free survival rate and 5-year overall survival rate. Results of the Cox multivariate analysis showed that the tumor size≥5 cm (RR=3.687, 95%CI:1.913-7.105, P<0.001) was the important factor of recurrence in patients after operation. T3 stage (RR=3.325, 95%CI:1.437-7.695, P=0.005) and tumor size≥5 cm (RR=5.017, 95%CI:2.440-10.317, P=0.002) were the risk fac?tors of the 5-year overall survival rate. Conclusion The transurenthral resection with intravenous and urinary bladder irri?gation chemotherapy deserves recommendation for the treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer. Tumor size ≥5 cm and T3 stage are the important factors for the prognosis.

Objective In order to find the pollution source and provide some useful references for the controlling of the heavy metal pollution to the tea. Methods From March to April,2007,the soil and tea samples were collected from 10 tea gardens in the main producing areas. The soil samples were digested. The tea samples were dissolved by mix acid solution after being burnt into ashes,then the contents of lead and copper were determined by FAAS. Results There was a significant positive correlation between tea and soil in the lead contents (r lead=0.650 2,P

Objective:To prepare and characterize the PEGylated liposomes containing total saponins of Paris Polyphylla. Meth-ods:Using the size, PDI, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of the liposomes as the indicators, the influencing factors in the preparation were optimized. The particle size, PDI and zeta potential were studied by a Malvern Zetasizer, the morphology was ob-served under a TEM, and the stability was studied as well. Results:The particle size, PDI, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of the PEGylated liposomes was (109. 4 ± 32. 7) nm, (0. 171 ± 0. 036), ( -36. 7 ± 4. 5) mV and (93. 5 ± 3. 2) %, respectively. The liposomes were small spheres with smooth surface under the TEM. The long term stability studies showed that the liposomes were stable in 3 months after stored at 4℃. Conclusion:The preparation technology of the PEGylated liposomes containing total saponins of Paris Polyphylla is feasible, which can obtain liposomal preparations with high entrapment efficiency and good stability.

Objective To study the effect of salina and vitamin E on the antiadverse reaction in nonsmall-cell lung cancer patients treated by chemotherapy. Method 124 cases nonsmall-cell lung cancer patients were selected during December, 2005 and December, 2007. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: A and B group, which were treated by salina plus vitamin E and placebo respectively. First, all patients were treated by radical operation. After operation, conventional chemotherapy (TAX+CBP) was followed. The day before chemotherapy, salina and vitamin E was oral administered to A group until before the third chemotherapy. The interval between chemotherapy was 3 weeks. B group was treated by the same way with placebo. Prior to the third chemotherapy, blood routine examination, liver and kidney function, immune index and antioxidation index were detected. Results After treatment, leukocyte number increased in A group, but decreased in B group. There was no obvious damage founded in liver and kidney function. CHE level was significantly enhanced in A group. The level of SOD in A group was significantly higher than that in B group. Conclusion salina+vitamin E could reduce the leukocyte number decrease caused by chemotherapy, increase the activity of cholinesterase, and enhance the antioxidation function of patients, so it can protect some side effects of chemotherapy in non-small lung cancer patients.

During sepsis, circulating leukocytes are in a hyper inflammatory state, and with the progress of the inflammation, immune cells may become tolerated. Glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway are up-regulated but oxidative phosphorylation is suppressed in hyper inflammatory cells, whereas during immune tolerance, glycolysis is often down-regulated. In this review, we will summarize the changes of cellular metabolic pathways in monocytes and macrophages during sepsis. We also review how the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids affect the function of monocytes and macrophages in sepsis. Current literature indicated that metabolism plays a significant role in regulating the functions of immune cells in sepsis, which might be a potential therapy for sepsis and deserved further research.