OBJECTIVETo examine the oral toxicity of repeated dosing of Strobilanthes crispus (S. crispus) ethanol leaves extract on the liver and kidney functions in Sprague Dawley rats.

METHODSYoung female rats aged between 8 and 12 week-old were randomly assigned into four groups with five animals each group (n=5). The first group served as control, while the second, third and fourth groups were orally treated with a single dose daily with 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract for 14 d consecutively. Cage-side observation was conducted for first 4 h after each dosing. The body weight changes, food consumptions and water intake were also recorded. Serum biochemical parameters, i.e., aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea were determined at Day 15. All results were expressed as mean±SD and analysed using Dunnett's test.

RESULTSIt was obtained that 14-day oral administration of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract did not cause any adverse effects or lethality to the female Sprague Dawley rats. No significant changes in serum biochemical parameters, relative organs weights, body weights, food intake and water consumptions were observed between the treatment groups and control.

CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, 14-day oral administration of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract was safe to be consumed in female rats without affecting the liver and kidney functions.

Acanthaceae ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ethanol ; pharmacology ; Female ; Kidney ; drug effects ; pathology ; Liver ; drug effects ; pathology ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Phytotherapy ; adverse effects ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Solvents ; pharmacology

Abstract Introduction: Mosquitoes are important vectors responsible for transmission of many pathogens that cause major human morbidity and mortality. Natural repellents such as essential oils may provide a means of protection from mosquito bites that are safe and more pleasant to use. Methods: In this study, essential oils from the flowers of Jasminum officinale and Anthemis nobilis were characterised by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and were further tested for their repellent efficacy, individually and in combinations, against Aedes aegypti using a rat model. Results: Forty-two compounds accounting for 77.50% of J. officinale essential oil and fifty-one compounds representing 87.96% of A. nobilis essential oil were identified. Oxygenated monoterpenes and diterpenes constituted 31.14% and 21.20% of J. officinale essential oil, respectively. For A. nobilis essential oil, oxygenated monoterpenes accounted for 84.79% of the compounds identified. The essential oils of J. officinale and A. nobilis at 20% concentration provided repellency of 68.45% and 73.15%, respectively, against Ae. aegypti for 120 min. The mixture of essential oils in a 1:1 ratio (JC1) exhibited 88.20% repellency for 120 min, which was significantly higher than the repellency of 20% concentration of the individual oils. Conclusion: The synergistic interactions among the varied constituents of J. officinale and A. nobilis essential oils enhanced the mosquito repellent activity

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