A previous systematic review on osteoporosis knowledge published showed that only several studies investigated osteoporosis knowledge in health professionals, and it found that their knowledge was not as adequate and sufficient as it should be. Since then, studies published on osteoporosis knowledge among health professionals have also assessed and found that they still do not have adequate and sufficient osteoporosis knowledge. To increase and improve osteoporosis knowledge among health professionals, recommendations in osteoporosis education in the health professions, including the application of the cognitive load theory, online learning, problem-based learning, practical learning, simulation-based learning, interactive learning, and feedback are covered in order to ensure health professionals can have adequate and sufficient osteoporosis knowledge to best prevent and treat individuals with the disease.
Education* ; Health Occupations* ; Learning ; Osteoporosis* ; Problem-Based Learning ; Simulation Training

No abstract available.
Humans ; Patient Care*

No abstract available.
Air Pollution* ; Fractures, Bone* ; Osteoporosis*

No abstract available.
Hip Fractures ; Osteoporosis* ; Prevalence* ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

Osteoporosis and fragility fractures have become major global public health concerns, and they can be prevented by maximizing peak bone mass during childhood and adolescence with weight-bearing physical activity, which can result in stronger and healthier bones that significantly decrease the risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in adulthood and the elderly years. From a public health perspective, implementing weight-bearing physical activity for children and adolescents is best achieved with school-based exercise interventions, and a review of school-based exercise interventions was conducted to determine their effectiveness in increasing bone mineral density (BMD) and/or bone mineral content (BMC). Seventeen studies were reviewed, all school-based exercise interventions utilized jumping exercises, and 15 of the 17 studies found at least one significant increase in measures of BMD and/or BMC for the total body, and/or at the hip, vertebrae, and/or wrist. One study that found no significant differences did report significant increases in bone structural strength, and the other study with no significant differences had exercises that measured and reported the lowest ground reaction forces (GRFs) of only 2–3 times body weight (BW), whereas the other studies that showed significant increase(s) in BMD and/or BMC had exercise with measured and reported GRFs ranging from 3.5 × to 8.8 × BW. School-based exercise interventions are time- and cost-efficient and effective in increasing BMD and/or BMC in children and adolescents, but must incorporate high-intensity exercise, such as high-impact jumping of sufficient GRFs, in order to significantly increase bone mineralization for osteoporosis and fragility fracture prevention later in life.
Adolescent ; Aged ; Body Weight ; Bone Density ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Child ; Exercise ; Hip ; Humans ; Motor Activity ; Osteoporosis ; Public Health ; Spine ; Weight-Bearing ; Wrist

Objectives: Osteoporosis is a major global health problem, and optimizing bone health during childhood and adolescence with adequate calcium and vitamin D intake is a recommendation to prevent the disease. School milk programs may be a viable approach to help children and adolescents increase calcium and vitamin D intakes while improving their bone health. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted on school milk programs, including examination of details regarding these studies and their participants, and assessments of their effects on bone health in children and adolescents. Results: Nearly all studies reviewed showed significant increases in the bone health behaviors and outcomes that were measured, such as bone mineral density, milk consumption, and calcium and vitamin D intake. Conclusions School milk programs can be effective in improving bone health in children and adolescents, and public health policies should be considered to help support and fund effective programs that promote bone health and prevent osteoporosis in population health.

Objectives: Osteoporosis is a major global health problem, and optimizing bone health during childhood and adolescence with adequate calcium and vitamin D intake is a recommendation to prevent the disease. School milk programs may be a viable approach to help children and adolescents increase calcium and vitamin D intakes while improving their bone health. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted on school milk programs, including examination of details regarding these studies and their participants, and assessments of their effects on bone health in children and adolescents. Results: Nearly all studies reviewed showed significant increases in the bone health behaviors and outcomes that were measured, such as bone mineral density, milk consumption, and calcium and vitamin D intake. Conclusions School milk programs can be effective in improving bone health in children and adolescents, and public health policies should be considered to help support and fund effective programs that promote bone health and prevent osteoporosis in population health.

Osteoporosis is a serious public health concern worldwide, and community-based public health programs that increase osteoporosis preventive behaviors are ideal to combat this major public health issue. A review of community-based public health programs for osteoporosis prevention show that programs vary in numerous ways and have mixed results in increasing osteoporosis preventive behaviors, although most programs have had success in significantly increasing calcium intake, only a few programs have had success in significantly increasing weightbearing exercise. Regarding calcium intake, all community-based public health programs that implemented: 1) at least one theoretical behavior change model, such as the health belief model, or 2) bone mineral density (BMD) testing for osteoporosis screening, have shown success in significantly increasing calcium intake. As community-based public health programs for osteoporosis prevention have shown limited success in increasing weight-bearing exercise, an additional review of community-based public health programs incorporating osteoporosis exercise showed that they have high compliance rates to increase weight-bearing exercise, but require high-intensity weight-bearing exercise of 80–85% 1-repetition maximum to significantly increase BMD to prevent osteoporosis. In the prevention of osteoporosis, for community-based public health programs to be most effective, they should implement theoretical behavior change models and/or BMD testing for osteoporosis screening, along with high-intensity resistance training. Recommendations for future research to further study effective community-based public health programs are also provided.
Bone Density ; Calcium ; Compliance ; Mass Screening ; Osteoporosis* ; Public Health* ; Resistance Training ; Weight-Bearing