PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of topical pilocarpine on basic tear secretion, using the Schirmer test. METHODS: The Schirmer test was performed in 22 eyes of 11 healthy volunteers before instillation and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after instillation of 1% pilocarpine and in 22 eyes of 12 healthy volunteers before instillation and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after instillation of 2% pilocarpine. As for control group, the Schirmer test was performed in 22 eyes of 11 healthy volunteers by the same method except with normal saline. RESULTS: The ratio of tear secretion was calculated by dividing the wet length of a Schirmer strip after instillation by the wet length before instillation for comparative analysis. In the control group, the mean ratio decreased with time to 0.78 at 10 minutes, 0.64 at 20 minutes, and 0.63 at 30 minutes after instillation of normal saline. In the 1% pilocarpine group, the mean ratio decreased with time, but there was no significant difference in comparison to the ratio of the control group. In the 2% pilocarpine group, the ratio increased significantly to 1.28 (p<0.001) at 10 minutes, 1.07 (p=0.002) at 20 minutes, and decreased to 0.63 (p=0.041) at 30 minutes after instillation. CONCLUSIONS: The basic tear secretion did not change significantly after instillation of 1% pilocarpine but increased significantly at 10 minutes after instillation of 2% pilocarpine to the highest level observed, which was followed by a decrease in basic tear secretion.
Healthy Volunteers ; Pilocarpine* ; Tears*

OBJECTIVES: We conducted this study to provide standardized data of the computerized Standard Progressive Matirices(SPM)test in Korean adults. METHODS: The computerized SPM test was administered to 353 healthy volunteers aged 18 years over. We provided the standardized data(percentile and standardized T-scores)for the groups with similar mean and distribution of SPM scores, which was originally divided by age and sex. The validity of the new standardized data was tested by comparing IQs estimated by SPM and K-WAIS. RESULTS: The standardized SPM data were provided for four age groups: 18 to 30 years, 31 to 40 years, 41 to 50 years, 51 years and over. IQ estimated by this standardized data tends to be closer to IQ by K-WAIS than the IQ estimated by foreign normative data. CONCLUSION: The standardized data of the computerized SPM were proven to be a useful and valid tool for measuring IQ briefly, compared with the conventional way of measuring IQ.
Adult* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans

For the evaluation of the 51Cr labelled in-vivo crossmatching test as a transfusion safety test, We examined the viability of the thransfused autologous and heterologous 51Cr labelled red cell at 1 hour and 24 hour in 6 normal volunteers and 4 patients whose RBC had been stored in CPDA-1 media from 1 day to 30 day. In both autologous transfusion control group(n=3) and allogeneic transfusion control group(n=3), the in-vivo RBC survival rate were more than 70% at 1 hour and 24 hour compared to that of basal 3 minute result(percent counted as 100%), and the eluted free radioisotope activity was less than 5% compared to that of whole blood. The crossmatch incompatible patient group also satisfied the safe transfusion criteria. The mean labelling efficiency which was tested in three patients was more than 95% and also satisfactory to reliable test. We concluded that in-vivo crossmatching test using 51Cr radioisotope would give us valuable informations about transfusion safety, especially in serologically incompatible patients.
Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to analyze the brain volume according to the brain image of healthy adults in the 20s taken with different inversion time (TI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Brain images of healthy adults in the 20 s were acquired using magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE) pulse sequence with 1.5 mm thickness of pieces and four inversion times (1100 ms, 1000 ms, 900 ms, 800 ms). The acquired brain images were analyzed to measure the volume of white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), intracranial volume (ICV). The statistical difference according to brain volume and gender was analyzed for each TI. RESULTS: The brain volume calculated using Freesurfer was WM=486.52+/-48.64 cm3 and GM=646.86+/-57.12 cm3 in mean when adjusted by mean ICV=1278.94+/-154.92 cm3. Men's brain volume(WM, GM, ICV) was larger than women's brain volume. In the intrarater reliability test, all of the intraclass correlation coefficients were high (0.992 for WM, 0.988 for GM, and 0.997 for ICV). In the repeated measures analysis of variance, GM and ICV did not show a significant difference at each TI (GM p=0.143, ICV p=0.052), but WM showed a significant (p=0.001). In the linear structure relation analysis, all of the Pearson correlation coefficients were high. CONCLUSION: WM, GM, and ICV indicated high reliability and solid linear structure relations, but WM showed significant differences at each TI. The brain volume of healthy adults in the 20s could be used in comparison with that of patients for reference purposes and to predict the structural change of brain. It would be needed to conduct additional studies to examine the contract, SNR, and lesion detection ability according to variable TI.
Adult ; Brain* ; Healthy Volunteers* ; Humans

Sole prints were analyzed from one thousand normal volunteers (500 males and 500 females) to establish dermatoglyphics of Korean people, and the following resuIts were obtained: The triradius P was present in 49.1% of the right soles and 40.6% of the lefts, or 44.9% of the entire series. The fibular radiant of triradius P was directed into the fourth interdigital intervals in 54.9% of the soles, and the next common terrninations were in the digital triradius c 15.3%, the third interdigital interval, 12. 5% and distal portion of the fibular border, 9.4%. In right soles the tendeney was for the radiant to extent farther tibialward than in lefts, where the inverse tendency was reflected in sharp rise in the number of endings on the fibular borders and decrease of endings tibialward. The distal radiant of triradius P terminated in the first interdigital interval, 46.5%, the interdigital triradius a, 32. 5%, and the second interdigital interval,. 20.5%, and rarely the distal radiant fused with digital triradius, 0.6% Of the alignments of ridges of the soles, 72.7;. of the soles exhibited transvcrsely coursing ridges in the mid-region, and the remainder were slight fibuloproximal slants,Grade 2) 18.2%, and slight fibulodistal slants (Grade 4) 8, 7%. There was a tendency of right soles to favor the fibulo-proximal slant, and of lefts, the fibulo-distal sIant. In the calcar region 44.1% of the soles presented a slight fibulo-distal slant, and the next cmmon direction was transverse, 37.4% Right soles tended more to the transverse alignment, while lefts displayed a ... (continue)
Dermatoglyphics ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Male

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many tools are available for the evaluation of facial motion. They run the gamut from the gross scale proposed by House and May, the regional scale preferred by Adour and Yanagihara and the personal computers used by Neely and Isono. However, more objective and accurate tools of evaluation are still in need. With the aim of establishing a simple, objective evaluation method of facial motion, we devised a computerized image-difference analysis system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Facial motions of 14 normal volunteers were analyzed utilizing the computerized image-difference analysis system. Techniques such as image capturing, subtraction and thresholding were used to anlayze resting, smiling and eyeclosing motions of face. RESULTS: The subtracted image of a resting-face from an eye-closing face showed a greater movement in the eye area than in the mouth area. The subtracted image of a resting-face from a smiling face showed a greater movement in the mouth area than in the eye area. But there were no statistical differences between the right and the left side of the face of the same subject(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It is possible to use the image analysis system to access facial motion of subjects with or without the normal facial motion.
Healthy Volunteers ; Microcomputers ; Mouth ; Smiling

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study are to evaluate normal MR spectroscopy (MRS) data of the cerebellum and pons, and to evaluate intra-unit and inter-unit differences of the results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine normal volunteers (mean age 23 years) were studied with two 1.5 Tesla MR units (A and B units). A total of four sessions of MRS study were performed with two sessions in each MR unit in each volunteer. In each session, MRS data were obtained from bilateral cerebellar hemisphere and pons. MRS was performed using spin-echo single voxel technique with repetition time of 2000 ms, echo time of 288ms and 128 averagings. Voxel size was 2x2x1.5 cm in the cerebellum and 1.5x1.5x1.5 cm in the pons. Metabolite ratios of NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr, NAA/(Cho+Cr) and Cr/Cho (both peak heights and the peak areas) were compared among the results of four sessions of MRS for evaluation of intra-unit and inter-unit differences. RESULTS: In the cerebellum, mean ISD values of peak height NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr, NAA/(Cho+Crl) and Cr/Cho ratios obtained in the first session of A unit were 1.08+/-0.16, 1.44+/-.286, 0.61+/-.09 and 0.76+/-,13, respectively. Comparing with the results of the second session, intra-unit differences were 3-7%. In B unit intra-unit differences were 1-9% , except for 22% of Cr/Cho ratio. Inter-unit differences between A and B units were 1-26%. In the pons, mean (SD values of peak height NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr, NAA/(Cho+Crl and Cr/Cho ratios obtained in the first session of A unit were 1.51+/-.35, 3.35+/-.78, 1.02+/-.16 and 0.47+/-,14, respectively. Mean NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr and NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratios of the pons were significantly higher than those of the cerebellum. Intra-unit differences were 2-21% in A unit and 4-l8% in B unit. Inter-unit differences between A and B units were 1-l8%. The mean values obtained by using peak area were generally higher and wider in range than those of peak height in both units. CONCLUSION: Mean NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr and NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratios of the cerebellum were significantly lower than those of the pons. Intra-unit differences of most metabolites ratios were generally not significant, whereas inter-unit differences were greater than intra-unit differences in more metabolite ratios. Therefore, normal MRS data of the cerebellum and the pons should be obtained in every MR unit, before MRS applications in the diseases of the cerebellum and the pons.
Cerebellum* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Pons* ; Spectrum Analysis ; Volunteers

BACKGROUND: Studies using a transcranial Doppler (TCD) to establish cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR) have mostly focused on the anterior circulation. The purpose of this study is not only to evaluate the feasibility of the power motion mode Doppler (PMD) with a probes fixating device, but also to simultaneously measure the CVR between the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the basilar artery (BA) during hypercapnea simulated by the rebreathing technique. METHODS: Twenty eight healthy volunteers were enrolled. Baseline hemodynamic values (heart rate, blood pressure) were measured while volunteers sat in a comfortable position for 5 minutes. The TCD was performed in two steps. First, velocities and spectra of the MCAs were simultaneously monitored. Then, the velocities and spectra of the MCA and BA were simultaneously monitored by a headset that included an anterior-posterior probes fixating device. The equation for CVR was ([maximum mean velocity baseline mean velocity] x 100/baseline mean velocity). RESULTS: Baseline mean velocities were revealed as follows: (64.0+/-13.7, 65.0+/-11.9 cm/s in right and left MCA; p>0.05; 67.3+/-12.2, -45.3+/-7.6 cm/s in dominant MCA and BA). CVR did not differ between the dominant MCA and the BA (46.1+/-12.1, 46.0+/-15.1%; p>0.05), nor between the right and left MCAs (46.9+/-15.2, 46.4+/-14.8%; p>0.05). There was a positive linear correlation between the CVR of the dominant MCA and that of the BA (r=0.856; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PMD with a probes fixating device for accurate insonation is a useful tool for evaluating the relative CVR between the MCA and BA. Our study suggests that CVR values of the BA are similar to those of the MCA.
Basilar Artery ; Healthy Volunteers ; Hemodynamics ; Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: We evaluated both the patients and the normal volunteers to determine the diagnostic criteria of subacromial impingement syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the radiologic finding of Thirty degree of caudal tilt view (TCTV) and Supraspinatus outlet view (SOV) of 100 shoulders from 85 patients with clinically proved subacromial impingement syndrome and normal 100 shoulders from 60 volunteers. RESULT: In TCTV, the protrusion of acromion below the line of extension from inferior surface of clavicle was shown in 94% of the patient group and 48% in normal group. Sharp tip of acromial protrusion was detectable in 55.3% of the patient group and 10.4% in normal group. In SOV, curved type of acromion was seen in 53% of the normal and 50% in patient group. Hooked type of acromion was detected in 3% and 31% of the normal and patient group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Protrusion of acromion at TCTV itself was not a criteria of subacromial impingement syndrome, but more than 7 mm below the line of extension from inferior surface of clavicle was meanigful. In SOV, hooked type of acromion was a criteria of subacromial impingement syndrome but curved type is was not a finding of diagnostic significence. Acromial spur formation on TCTV and SOV was important criteria of subacromial impingement syndrome.
Acromion ; Clavicle ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Impingement Syndrome* ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: We evaluated both the patients and the normal volunteers to determine the diagnostic criteria of subacromial impingement syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the radiologic finding of Thirty degree of caudal tilt view (TCTV) and Supraspinatus outlet view (SOV) of 100 shoulders from 85 patients with clinically proved subacromial impingement syndrome and normal 100 shoulders from 60 volunteers. RESULT: In TCTV, the protrusion of acromion below the line of extension from inferior surface of clavicle was shown in 94% of the patient group and 48% in normal group. Sharp tip of acromial protrusion was detectable in 55.3% of the patient group and 10.4% in normal group. In SOV, curved type of acromion was seen in 53% of the normal and 50% in patient group. Hooked type of acromion was detected in 3% and 31% of the normal and patient group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Protrusion of acromion at TCTV itself was not a criteria of subacromial impingement syndrome, but more than 7 mm below the line of extension from inferior surface of clavicle was meanigful. In SOV, hooked type of acromion was a criteria of subacromial impingement syndrome but curved type is was not a finding of diagnostic significence. Acromial spur formation on TCTV and SOV was important criteria of subacromial impingement syndrome.
Acromion ; Clavicle ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Impingement Syndrome* ; Volunteers