No Abstract Available.
Volunteers*

INTRODUCTION: Student volunteers in COVID-19 vaccination activities help augment the health care workforce. However, there is a lack of literature that explores student volunteerism in the Philippines. This paper analyses the shared meanings of the lived experiences of volunteer nursing students during a pandemic. METHODS: Student nurses who had joined Red Cross vaccination activities were recruited by purposive sampling and interviewed online using a pilot-tested interview guide with open-ended questions. Participants were recruited until data saturation. The data collected was analyzed using Colaizzi’s Seven-Step Method. RESULTS: The study has identified two main themes that describe the phenomenon of student- nurse volunteerism during COVID-19 vaccination programs: 1) personal motivation and 2) perceived benefits and outcomes. There were four sub-themes under personal motivation - desire for personal growth, intrinsic altruism, past experiences and involvement in volunteer work, and opportunity for advocating against vaccine hesitancy. Perceived benefits and outcomes had two sub-themes - sense of fulfillment in the act of volunteering and opportunity for actual nurse-patient interaction. CONCLUSION The findings from the study suggest that, despite the lack of experience of working as frontliners during the COVID-19 vaccination programs, nursing students volunteered due to personal motivations and perceived benefits and outcomes.
Volunteers

PURPOSE: To evaluate the magnetization transfer ratio(MTR) of various normal structures and pathologiclesions, as seen on magnetization transfer T2-weighted images (MT+T2WI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In ten normalvolunteers, T2-weighted images without MT (MT-T2WI) and with MT(MT+T2WI) were obtained. Off-set pulses used inMT+T2WI were 400, 600, 1000, 1500, and 2000Hz. In 60 clinical cases infarction(n=10), brain tumors(n=5), traumatichematomas(n=5), other hematomas(n=3) vascular malformation(n=2) white matter disease(n=2) normal(n=31) andothers(n=2), both MT-T2WI and MT+T2WI images were obtained using an off-set pulse of 600 Hz. In all volunteers andpatients, MTR in various normal brain parenchyma and abnormal areas was measured. RESULT: The MTRs of white andgray matter were 48% and 45% respectively at 400 Hz, 26% and 22% at 600Hz, 12% and 11% of 1000Hz, 10% and 9% 1500HZ, and 9% and 8% at 2000Hz of RF. The MTR of CSF was 43% at 400 Hz of off-resonance RF, while the contrastresolution of T2WI was poor. An off-resonance of 600Hz appeared to be the optimal frequency. In diseased areas,MTRs varied but were usually similar to or lower than those of brain parenchyma. CONCLUSION: The optimaloff-resonance RF on MT+T2WI appears to be 600 Hz for relatively high MTR of brain parenchyma and low MTR of CSF,in which MTRs of white and gray matter were 26% and 22%, respectively, of 600Hz off-set pulse. The MTRs ofcerebral lesions varied and further studies of various cerebral lesions are needed.
Brain* ; Volunteers

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to validate the autonomous maximal smile (AMS) as a new reference for evaluating dental and gingival exposure. METHODS: Digital video clips of 100 volunteers showing posed smiles and AMS at different verbal directives were recorded for evaluation a total of three times at 1-week intervals. Lip-teeth relationship width (LTRW) and buccal corridor width (BCW) were measured. LTRW represented the vertical distance between the inferior border of the upper vermilion and the edge of the maxillary central incisors. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for reproducibility, and the m-value (minimum number of repeated measurements required for an ICC level over 0.75), were calculated. RESULTS: LTRW and BCW of the AMS were 1.41 and 2.04 mm, respectively, greater than those of the posed smile (p < 0.05), indicating significantly larger dental and gingival exposure in the AMS. The reproducibility of the AMS (0.74 to 0.77) was excellent, and higher than that of the posed smile (0.62 to 0.65), which had fair-to-good reproducibility. Moreover, the m-value of the AMS (0.88 to 1.05) was lower than that of the posed smile (1.59 to 1.85). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the posed smile, the AMS shows significantly larger LTRW and BCW, with significantly higher reproducibility. The AMS might serve as an adjunctive reference, in addition to the posed smile, in orthodontic and other dentomaxillofacial treatments.
Incisor ; Volunteers

OBJECTIVES: We conducted this study to provide standardized data of the computerized Standard Progressive Matirices(SPM)test in Korean adults. METHODS: The computerized SPM test was administered to 353 healthy volunteers aged 18 years over. We provided the standardized data(percentile and standardized T-scores)for the groups with similar mean and distribution of SPM scores, which was originally divided by age and sex. The validity of the new standardized data was tested by comparing IQs estimated by SPM and K-WAIS. RESULTS: The standardized SPM data were provided for four age groups: 18 to 30 years, 31 to 40 years, 41 to 50 years, 51 years and over. IQ estimated by this standardized data tends to be closer to IQ by K-WAIS than the IQ estimated by foreign normative data. CONCLUSION: The standardized data of the computerized SPM were proven to be a useful and valid tool for measuring IQ briefly, compared with the conventional way of measuring IQ.
Adult* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: Exposure to light at night has become pervasive in modern society. The impact of dim artificial light at night (dALAN) exposure on sleep and fatigue is not well recognized. We aim to study the impact of dALAN exposure during sleep on human fatigue. METHODS: 30 healthy young male volunteers from 21 to 29 years old were enrolled in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups depending on light intensity (Group A : 5 lux and Group B : 10 lux). Data were gathered from each participant after each night with no light (Night 1) followed by the next night (Night 2) with two different dim light conditions (5 or 10 lux) by means of self-reported fatigue scale. RESULTS: Exposure to dALAN during sleep was significantly associated with increased overall fatigue (F = 19.556, p < 0.001) and ocular discomfort (F = 5.671, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: We found that dALAN during sleep likely affects human fatigue in some aspects. These findings indicate that dALAN during sleep exerts a negative effect on human fatigue.
Fatigue* ; Humans* ; Male ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of topical pilocarpine on basic tear secretion, using the Schirmer test. METHODS: The Schirmer test was performed in 22 eyes of 11 healthy volunteers before instillation and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after instillation of 1% pilocarpine and in 22 eyes of 12 healthy volunteers before instillation and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after instillation of 2% pilocarpine. As for control group, the Schirmer test was performed in 22 eyes of 11 healthy volunteers by the same method except with normal saline. RESULTS: The ratio of tear secretion was calculated by dividing the wet length of a Schirmer strip after instillation by the wet length before instillation for comparative analysis. In the control group, the mean ratio decreased with time to 0.78 at 10 minutes, 0.64 at 20 minutes, and 0.63 at 30 minutes after instillation of normal saline. In the 1% pilocarpine group, the mean ratio decreased with time, but there was no significant difference in comparison to the ratio of the control group. In the 2% pilocarpine group, the ratio increased significantly to 1.28 (p<0.001) at 10 minutes, 1.07 (p=0.002) at 20 minutes, and decreased to 0.63 (p=0.041) at 30 minutes after instillation. CONCLUSIONS: The basic tear secretion did not change significantly after instillation of 1% pilocarpine but increased significantly at 10 minutes after instillation of 2% pilocarpine to the highest level observed, which was followed by a decrease in basic tear secretion.
Healthy Volunteers ; Pilocarpine* ; Tears*

The diurnal variation of intraocular pressure(IOP) was measured by a Goldmann applanation tonometer in 60 eyes of 30 nromal Korean volunteers, in order to find out the amount of diurnal variation of IOP and the time interval at which the hightst and the lowest IOP were checked. We also checked the diurnal variation of IOP once a week for three weeks to study whether it changes. 1) The mean diurnal variation of IOP was 3.82 +/- 1.83 mmHg, and the diurnal variations of three weeks were 3.87 +/- 1.79 mmHg, 3.78 +/- 1.90 mmHg and 3.78 +/- 1.80 mmHg, respectively. The mean coefficient of variation of diurnal variation was 0.10. 2) In the distribution of high and low points on the diurnal intraocular pressure curve in 60 normal eyes(% of total number of observation), at the optimum IOP 8:00 was the highest(43.9%) and 20:00 was lowest(5.0%); at the lowest IOP 20:00 was the hightest(21.2%) and 8:00 was the lowest(6.7%). There was no time change at which the highest pressure was checked in 55 eyes and at which the lowest pressure was checked in 56 eyes among the 60 eyes.
Intraocular Pressure* ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: We evaluated the validity and reproducibility of sperm morphology analysis using strict criteria to compare the difference in the percentages of normal and amorphous morphology as seen by two staining methods (Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou)with the eventual goal of developing a computer-assisted sperm morphology assessment system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semen samples were obtained from 10 volunteers and stained by the Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou staining methods. Under 1000-fold oil-immersion magnification, the slides were examined by two experienced observers, and the screens were transferred to the monitor using a CCD camera. A calibrated transparent overlay was used to distinguish between normal and abnormal morphology according to strict criteria. One hundred spermatozoa for each sample were analyzed by two experienced observers. RESULTS: In Diff-Quik staining, intraobserver and interobserver correlation coefficients for normal and amorphous sperm were 0.862 (p<0.05), 0.916 (p<0.05) and 0.857 (p<0.05), 0.890 (p<0.05), respectively. In Papanicolaou staining, intraobserver correlation coefficients for normal and amorphous sperm were 0.832 (p<.05), 0.877 (p<0.05) and 0.846 (p<0.05) and 0.865 (p<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing normal and abnormal spem abnormal sperm morphology using strict criteria produces reproducible results between and within observers. Also, there were good correlations between the two staining methods in assessing normal and amorphous morphology. This study presents the basic data for the development of computer-assisted sperm morphology assessment system. New techniques should be developed to analyze amorphous sperm.
Semen ; Spermatozoa* ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: We evaluated the validity and reproducibility of sperm morphology analysis using strict criteria to compare the difference in the percentages of normal and amorphous morphology as seen by two staining methods (Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou)with the eventual goal of developing a computer-assisted sperm morphology assessment system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semen samples were obtained from 10 volunteers and stained by the Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou staining methods. Under 1000-fold oil-immersion magnification, the slides were examined by two experienced observers, and the screens were transferred to the monitor using a CCD camera. A calibrated transparent overlay was used to distinguish between normal and abnormal morphology according to strict criteria. One hundred spermatozoa for each sample were analyzed by two experienced observers. RESULTS: In Diff-Quik staining, intraobserver and interobserver correlation coefficients for normal and amorphous sperm were 0.862 (p<0.05), 0.916 (p<0.05) and 0.857 (p<0.05), 0.890 (p<0.05), respectively. In Papanicolaou staining, intraobserver correlation coefficients for normal and amorphous sperm were 0.832 (p<.05), 0.877 (p<0.05) and 0.846 (p<0.05) and 0.865 (p<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing normal and abnormal spem abnormal sperm morphology using strict criteria produces reproducible results between and within observers. Also, there were good correlations between the two staining methods in assessing normal and amorphous morphology. This study presents the basic data for the development of computer-assisted sperm morphology assessment system. New techniques should be developed to analyze amorphous sperm.
Semen ; Spermatozoa* ; Volunteers