The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal recipe of rice cookies with two different amounts of Stevia rebaudiana leaf and grape seed oil, using a central composite design (CCD). In addition, mixing conditions of rice cookies were optimized by sensory evaluation and mechanical and physicochemical analysis using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM was used to obtain 10 experimental points (including two replicates of Stevia rebaudiana leaf and Grape seed oil), and the formulation of Stevia rebaudiana leaf added rice cookies was optimized using rheology. The results of mechanical and physicochemical analysis showed significant values for lightness, redness, yellowness, hardness, spread factor, loss rate, leavening rate, sweetness, moisture, pH, and density (P<0.001), results of the sensory evaluation showed significant values for color, flavor, taste, texture, appearance, and overall quality (P<0.05). As a results, optimal sensory ratio was found to be 1.98 g of Stevia rebaudiana leaf and 37.94 g of Grape seed oil.
Hardness ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Rheology ; Stevia* ; Vitis

Gallbladder diverticula have the appearance of hernia-like protrusions of the gallbladder wall. This disorder may not be diagnosed until surgically resected because it has no clinical significance unless there are associated diseases. Gallbladder pseudodiverticula have an acquired cause, multiple fundal lesions, an association with gallstones, internal saccular lesions without external hernia-like protrusions, and little to no smooth muscle in the gallbladder wall. We report a unique anomaly of multiple pseudodiverticula presenting with calculous cholecystitis, which was pathologically different from true diverticula and had a unique shape similar to a bunch of grapes and a septation infilling pattern on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.
Cholangiography ; Cholecystitis ; Diverticulum ; Gallbladder ; Gallstones ; Muscle, Smooth ; Vitis

BACKGROUND: Dermatophytosis has been investigated by many dermatologist, who has Identified 9 species, specific in Korea among the 43 world-wide species. Two isolates of Trichophuyton (T.) genus common in Korea are Trichophyton (T.) rubrum and T. verrucosum bas been identified for the first time in Korea in 1986 and bas been increasing in unmber of reported cases. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we try to classify the subtype of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum, as well as to identifiy the invasion of new so far, unidentified species with similar morphology. METHOD: Forty strains of T. rubrum, 40 strains of T. mentagrophytes and 30 strains of T. verrucosum, isolated from dermatophutosis patients in Taegu area, ware examined for their characteristics, utilizing various media, hair perforation test and urease test. RESULTS: T. rubrum was classified into 5 subtypes: granular type, portowine type, diffusable pigment producing type, yellow type and non-pigmented type, according to their color and surface morphology. Portowine type showed characteristic cottony surface with portowine color on the reverse side on gross morphology and microspcopically on rare occasion macroconidia and minimal tear-drop microconidia. Granular type showed granular surface with portowine color on the reverse side, and many pencil-shaped macroconidia and abundant microconidia microscopically. Diffusable pigment-producing type showed similar findings, except for melanoid diffusible pigment on the Sabouraud media. Yellow type showed a cottony surface and yellow color on the reverse side. Microscipically, findings were the same to portowine type. Noncolored type showed no coloring on the reverse side; otherwise same as those of portowine type. All strains were negative on hair perforation test. One of 40 strains of T. rubrum showed typical gross and microscopic findings of T. rubrum, positive urease test and negative hair perforation test. All these findings suggest T. raubischeckii. This strains was identified for the first time in Korea. T. mentagrophytes was classified into 4 subtypes: granular type, powdery type, purple-red type, and cottony type, according to their color and surface morphology. Granular type showed fawn brown color with coarse granular surface grossly, and many club-shaped macroconodia and grape shaped microconidia but rare spiral hyphae microscopically Powdery type showed cream to buff colored, fine powdery surface, each colony being surrounded by mild cottony border and many club-shaped macroconodia, grape shaped microconidia and spiral hyphae microscopically. Red-purple type showed characteristic red-purple color with cottony and powdery surFace, and microconidia and spiral hyphae microscopically. Cottony type showed abundant whitish cottony surface and many round microconidia microscopically. T. yerrucofum showed a very slowly growing, mountain-like appearance with shallow valley and narrow or wider skirt. Microspcopically, string-bean shaped macroconidia, a few microconidia, and many chlamydoconidia were present. All strains showed positive hair perforation. Nineteen of 30 strains showed negative urease test. All strains grew on Trichophyton media III. Twenty (65.4%) of 31 strains grew on Trichophyton media IV. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that all dermatophytes should be examined thoroughly to investigate any strain that may be brought in from foreign countries.
Arthrodermataceae ; Daegu* ; Hair ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Korea* ; Tinea ; Trichophyton* ; Urease ; Vitis

The instability of secondary metabolite production is a ubiquitous problem in plant cell culture. To understand the instability, the investigation of anthocyanin accumulation in suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera, as a model system, has been initiated in our laboratory. Suspension culture of a relatively homogeneous cell line E of V. vinifera, was established by long-term cell line selection by anthocyanin content differentiation. The aggregate size of E was smaller than that of other cell lines obtained by routine screening method. The variation coefficients of anthocyanin content in suspension cultures of E were 8.7% in long-term subcultures and 5% in repeated flasks, respectively. The effects of elicitor, precursor feeding and light irridiation on biomass and anthocyanin accumulation in suspension cultures of E had been investigated and the results showed that all the variation coefficients were lower than 12% and this indicated the importance of homogeneity on stable production in plant cell culture. With the combination treatment of 30micromol/L phenylalanine and 218micromol/L methyl jasmonate in the dark in suspension cultures of E, the anthocyanin content and production in suspension culture of E was 5.89-fold and 4.30-fold of the controls, respectively, and all the variation coefficients of biomass and anthocyanin accumulation were lower than those of the controls in 5 successive subcultures.
Anthocyanins ; biosynthesis ; Biomass ; Cell Proliferation ; Light ; Suspensions ; Vitis ; cytology ; metabolism

Grape fruits with blue mold symptoms were collected from house storages in different locations in Korea and were investigated for their association with Penicillium species. A total of 12 isolates of Penicillium were isolated from the collected fruits. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics and beta-tublin gene sequence data analysis, they were identified as P. bialowiezense, P. citrinum, P. echinulatum, P. expansum, P. solitum and unidentified Penicillium species. P. solitum was the predominant followed by P. expansum. P. bialowiezense and P. echinulatum were newly recorded in Korea. beta-Tubulin gene sequences could be used to distinguish each species of Penicillium and the molecular groups were correlated well with the morphological species. The unidentified species was supposed to be a new species, not previously reported in literature.
Cultural Characteristics ; Fruit ; Fungi* ; Korea ; Penicillium* ; Statistics as Topic ; Tubulin ; Vitis*

In 2016, grape fruits showing ripe rot symptom were found in fields of Korea. The fungus was isolated and identified as Colletotrichum viniferum based on morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and β-tubulin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. viniferum causing grape ripe rot disease of grape fruits in Korea.
Base Sequence ; Colletotrichum* ; Fruit ; Fungi ; Korea* ; Oxidoreductases ; Vitis*

Two species, Penicillium adametzioides and Purpureocillium lilacinum, were isolated from decayed grapes (cv. Cheongsoo) in Korea. Each species was initially identified by phylogenetic analysis of a combined dataset of two genes. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and beta-tubulin (BT2) genes were used for identification of Penicillium adametzioides, and ITS and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) genes were used for identification of Purpureocillium lilacinum. Morphologically, they were found to be identical to previous descriptions. The two species presented here have not been previously reported in Korea.
Fruit ; Korea ; Penicillium ; Peptide Elongation Factors ; Tubulin ; Vitis

Vitis hybrid (Sheridan)-Robus coreanus red wine was vinified by fermentation of a mixture of Vitis hybrid and Robus coreanus must at 25degrees C for 10 days. The Vitis hybrid-Robus coreanus red wine had ethanol contents of 10.9%. It had high antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of 57.8% and antioxidant activity of 64.8%. Changes in the physicochemical properties and functionality of the Vitis hybrid-Robus coreanus red wine was investigated during a post-fermentation period of three months. The ACE inhibitory activity of the red wine increased as the post-fermentation period prolonged, and showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity of 70.4% 60 days post-fermentation. However, the antioxidant activity declined significantly to 47.2% during the post-fermentation period of 60 days. In terms of sensory evaluation, the Vitis hybrid-Robus coreanus red wine had the best acceptability 60 days post-fermentation.
Chimera ; Ethanol ; Fermentation ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Saccharomyces ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Vitis ; Wine

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer. Although prostate tumors respond to androgen ablation therapy at an early stage, they often acquire the potential of androgen-independent growth. Elevated transcriptional activity of androgen receptor (AR) and/or signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) contributes to the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. In the present study, we examined the effect of resveratrol, a phytoalexin present in grapes, on the reporter gene activity of AR and STAT3 in human prostate cancer (LNCaP-FGC) cells stimulated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Our study revealed that resveratrol suppressed the growth of LNCaP-FGC cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Whereas the AR transcriptional activity was induced by treatment with either IL-6 or DHT, the STAT3 transcriptional activity was induced only by treatment with IL-6 but not with DHT. Resveratrol significantly attenuated IL-6-induced STAT3 transcriptional activity, and DHT- or IL-6-induced AR transcriptional activity. Treatment of cells with DHT plus IL-6 significantly increased the AR transcriptional activity as compared to DHT or IL-6 treatment alone and resveratrol markedly diminished DHT plus IL-6-induced AR transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the production of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was decreased by resveratrol in the DHT-, IL-6- or DHT plus IL-6-treated LNCaP-FGC cells. Taken together, the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on IL-6- and/or DHT-induced AR transcriptional activity in LNCaP prostate cancer cells are partly mediated through the suppression of STAT3 reporter gene activity, suggesting that resveratrol may be a promising therapeutic choice for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Dihydrotestosterone ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; Prostate ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Neoplasms* ; Receptors, Androgen ; Transducers ; Vitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), an atherogenic lysophospholipid, is known to induce the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Naringin is a flavonoid in grapes and grapefruits and has anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidative effects. We investigated whether naringin could protect VSMCs from the effect of lysoPC. Additionally, we investigated the changes of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B). MATERIALS AND METHODS: VSMCs were prepared from the aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats. Near-confluent VSMCs were preincubated in media containing 0, 10, 100 micrometer naringin, and incubated with 0, 10, 20, 100 micrometer lysoPC. The degree of proliferation of VSMCs was evaluated with [H3]-thymidine incorporation and MTT assay. The changes of nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B in VSMCs were investigated with EMSA. RESULTS: LysoPC promoted the growth of VSMCs, whereas naringin inhibited the proliferative effect of lysoPC on VSMCs. MTT assay showed a 63+/-24% and 89+/-17% increase of cellular growth in the 10 and 20 micrometer lysoPC groups, respectively, as compared with the control group with media only (p<0.01). [H3]-thymidine incorporation assay also showed 61+/-25% and 92+/-25% increase in the 10 and 20 micrometer lysoPC groups, respectively (p<0.01). However, the growth of VSMCs was suppressed in the 100 micrometer lysoPC group (p<0.01). Naringin inhibited the proliferative effects of lysoPC on VSMCs by 34+/-5% (MTT assay) and 35+/-5% ([H3]-thymidine incorporation assay) in the 100 micrometer naringin group (p=0.01). The nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B was stimulated by lysoPC and suppressed by naringin. CONCLUSION: LysoPC promoted the growth of VSMCs, whereas naringin inhibited the proliferative effect of lysoPC on VSMCs. These effects of lysoPC and naringin are associated with the regulation of nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B.
Aorta ; Citrus paradisi ; Lysophosphatidylcholines ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular* ; NF-kappa B ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Vitis