The chemical constituents of Parthenocissus quinque were investigated. The chemical constituents were isolated by column chromatography on silical gel and sephadex LH-20. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis and of comparison of physical constant. Nine compounds were isolated from this plant and the structures of them were identified as 3,4,5-trihydroxy- benzoic acid (1), piceatannol (2), resveratrol (3), resveratrol trans-dehydrodimer (4), cyphoste mmin B (5), pallidol (6), cyphostemmin A (7), quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (8), myricetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (9), respectively. Compounds 1, 4-9 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Vitaceae ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo present a detailed pharmacognostic study of the leaf of Cayratia trifolia (C. trifolia) Linn. (Vitaceae), an important plant in the Indian system of medicine.

METHODSThe macroscopy, microscopy, physiochemical analysis, preliminary testing, fluorescence analysis of powder of the plant and other WHO recommended methods for standardization were investigated.

RESULTSLeaves are trifoliolated with petioles (2-3 cm) long. Leaflets are ovate to oblong-ovate, (2-8 cm) long, (1.5-5 cm) wide, pointed at the tip. The leaf surface shows the anisocytic type stomata covered with guard cells followed by epidermis layer. Leaf surface contents including veins, vein islet and vein termination were also determined. Transverse section of leaf shows the epidermis layer followed by cuticle layer and vascular bandles (xylem and phloem). The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. Abundant covering trichomes emerge from the upper epidermis. Trichomes are uniseriate and multicellular. Strips of collenchyma are present below and upper layer of epidermis.

CONCLUSIONSIt can be concluded that the pharmacognostic profile of the C. trifolia is helpful in developing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.

India ; Pharmacognosy ; methods ; Plant Leaves ; anatomy & histology ; Vitaceae ; anatomy & histology

As a rare endangered medical plant that newly cultivated,little experimental information is available for growth and metabolites of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum in response to nitrogen( N). The effects of different levels of N on growth of T. hemsleyanum and the content of phytochemicals( polysaccharide,total flavonoids and phenolics) and antioxidant activity( ABTS and FRAP) in stems and leaves were investigated in this study. A certain amount of N had positive effects on most of biological traits,and excessive dose of N went against growth of T. hemsleyanum. With N levels decreased,the polysaccharide content in stems and leaves had no significant change,while the total flavonoid and phenolic content,and antioxidant activities increased steadily. Antioxidant activities and total flavonoid and phenolic content had significant positive correlation. Excessive N fertilizer should be avoided by cultivation.
Antioxidants ; Flavonoids ; Nitrogen ; Phenols ; Phytochemicals ; Plant Extracts ; Plant Leaves ; Vitaceae

OBJECTIVETo study effective active constituents of Cayratia japonica,a genuine herbal medicine from Fujian.

METHODSuch chromatographic methods as Macroporous, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and normal phase silica gel column chromatography were adopted to separate the chemical components of C. japonica.

RESULTThirteen compounds were obtained, and their structures were identified by analyzing multiple spectral data as luteolin(1), apigenin(2), triethyl citrate-(3), 3-formylindole(4), esculetin(5), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate(6), calendin(7), ethyl-trans-3,4-dihydr-oxycinnamate(8), luteolin7-O-D-glucoside(9),5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-pentyl-2(5H-furanone(10),ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(11), eriodictyol(12) and daucosterol(13).

CONCLUSIONAmong them, compounds 3-8 and 10-12 were separated from the plant for the first time.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Vitaceae ; chemistry

In this study, a rapid and sensitive analytical method was developed for the determination of 10 major compounds (procyanidin B1, catechin, procyanidin B2, rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, astragalin, quercitrin, quercetin, and kaempferol) in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. UPLC-MS/MS assay with negative ion mode was performed on a Waters CORTECS C18 (2.1 mm x 100 mm, 1.6 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% aqueous formic acid (B) in gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.25 mL · min(-1) and the column temperature was set at 45 °C. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, good separation for 10 target compounds were obtained including chiral isomer procyanidins B1 and B2 were completely separated within 8.5 min. Satisfactory linearity was achieved with wide linear range and fine determination coefficient (r > 0.996 6), the overall recoveries were ranged from 95.44%-110.40% with the RSD ranging from 2.37%-8.69%. It is the first report about simultaneous analysis of 10 major flavonoids components in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum by using UPLC-MS/MS method, which affords highly sensitive, specific, speedy and efficient method for quality control of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum
Acetonitriles ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; Kaempferols ; Quercetin ; analogs & derivatives ; Rutin ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Vitaceae ; chemistry

A qualitative analytical method of liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was developed for identification of multi-constituents and an analytical method was developed for simultaneously determining 4 major compounds (rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-0-rutinoside, and astragalin) in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg. The HPLC-Q-TOF-MS assay was performed on a Welch Ultimate XB-C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (A) and water containing 0.1% Formic acid (B) in gradient mode at a flow rate of 0.8 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was at 30 degrees C, and negative ion mode was used for TOF-MS. The UPLC-QqQ-MS assay was performed on a Waters CORTECS C18 (2.1 mm x 100 mm, 1.6 microm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (A) and water containing 0.1% formic acid (B) in gradient mode at a flow rate of 0.25 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was at 45 degrees C, and MRM mode was used for QqQ-MS. Based on the retention time and MS spectra, 24 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized by comparing with reference substances or literatures. For quantitative the linear range of 4 detected compounds were good (r > 0.9966), and the overall recoveries ranged from 98.27% to 101.58%, with the RSD ranging from 3.15% to 5.88%. The results indicated that new approach conbined HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS was applicable in qualitative and quantitative quality control of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum.
Acetonitriles ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Formates ; chemistry ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Vitaceae ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) of extracts from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et. Gilg (TDG) on immune functions of ICR mice.

METHODSICR mice were exposed to different doses of EAF for 15 or 30 days and then their immune functions were analyzed, including ConA-induced splenic lymphocyte transformation, SRBC-induced delayed type hypersensitivity response, serum hemolysin analysis, antibody-producing cells, peritoneal macrophage phagocytized chicken red blood cells, natural killer cell activity, and serum level of cytokines.

RESULTSEAF of extracts from TDG at different doses had various effects on immune functions of ICR mice. As compared with the controls, it increased the mouse spleen lymphocyte transformation induced by ConA, the left-hind voix pedis thickness and the number of plague forming cells (PFCs) at the dose of 1.82 mg/mL, 5.48 mg/mL, and 9.12 mg/mL, respectively; increased the ink clearance ability at the dose of 0.91 mg/mL, 1.82 mg/mL, 5.48 mg/mL, and 9.12 mg/mL, respectively; increased the phagocytosis index of mononuclear-macrophages and production of serum interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) at the dose of 5.48 mg/mL; and could promote the production of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) at the dose of 9.12 mg/mL.

CONCLUSIONEAF of extracts from TDG can regulate mouse immune functions in vivo.

Acetates ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Antibody Formation ; drug effects ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Immunity, Cellular ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Vitaceae ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo establish a convenient and effective method for the identification of Gynostemma and Cayratia japonica.

METHODEight species, including Gynostemm pentaphyllum, G. pentagynum, G. cardiospermum, G. longipe, G. yixingense, G. laxiflorum, G. guangxiense and C. japonica were investigated through PCR - RFLP of six chloroplast DNA fragments. The six gene fragments were digested by six restriction endonuclease respectively, including Taq I, Hpa II, EcoR I, Rsa I, Hha I, Hind III.

RESULTSeven species of Gynostemma and their adulterant could be identified by trnK1f-trnK2r and Rsa.

CONCLUSIONPCR - RFLP provides a quick, reliable molecular marker technique for identification of Cynostemma and their adulterant Cayratia japonica.

DNA, Chloroplast ; genetics ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; Gynostemma ; classification ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; genetics ; Vitaceae ; classification ; genetics

Introduction: Che day (Ampelopsis Cantoniensis Planch) is a medicinal herb that has been used for a long time in Vietnamese Traditional Medicine for treating gastroduodenal ulcer. Scientific studies found that Che day has some chemical components such as flavonoids, tannins and uronic compounds that can neutralize the gastric acidity. Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the H pylori eradication ability and the anti-inflammation properties of Che day for duodenal ulcer, using histopathological measures. Subjects and method: 43 patients with endoscopy-confirmed diagnosis of duodenal ulcer were involved in the opening clinical trial. Ages of patients were ranged from 18 to 65 years old. The patients were treated for 6 weeks by dried extracts of Che day (four 5gr-sachets divided into 4 times a day) and underwent endoscopic biopsy before and post-treatment. Results: Che day had the HP eradication effect in 17/43 patients (42.5%), as seen in histophathological examinations. This results were significant with p <0.001. The rate of recovering patients reached up to 23.26% (10/43 patients) and the rate of severe cases reduced dramatically (18/20 patients). The comparison before and after 6 weeks of treatment showed the prevention effect of Che day from gastritis with statistic significance (p<0.001). Conclusion: Che day has the HP eradication ability with the rate reaching up to 42.5%. This herb reduced the gastritis in histopathological studies. 23.26% of patients recovered from duodenal ulcer after treatment and the severe cases were dramatically reduced.
Ampelopsis Cantoniensis Planch ; Duodenal ulcer ; Gastritis ; Helicobacter pylori

BACKGROUND: Keratinocytes are the major cells in epidermis, providing barrier components such as cornified cells through the sophisticated differentiation process. In addition, keratinocytes exerts their role as the defense cells via activation of innate immunity. It has been known that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including double-strand RNA and nucleotides can provoke inflammatory reaction in keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Ampelopsis japonica Makino extract (AE) on PAMPs-induced inflammatory reaction of keratinocytes. METHODS: The effects of AE were determined using poly (I:C)-induced inflammation and imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis models. RESULTS: In cultured keratinocytes, AE significantly inhibited poly(I:C)-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α. AE significantly inhibited poly(I:C)-induced release of caspase-1 active form (p20), and down-regulated nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. In imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis model, topical application of AE resulted in significant reduction of epidermal hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that AE may be a potential candidate for the treatment of skin inflammation.
Ampelopsis* ; Cytokines ; Dermatitis ; Epidermis ; Hyperplasia ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-8 ; Interleukins ; Keratinocytes* ; Necrosis ; Nucleotides ; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules* ; RNA ; Skin