Recent sensory history plays a critical role in the perception of event duration. For example, repetitive exposure to a particular duration leads to the distortion of subsequent duration perception. This phenomenon, termed duration adaptation, induces a robust repulsive duration aftereffect. In particular, adaptation to relatively long sensory events shortens the perceived duration of a subsequent event, while adaptation to relatively short sensory events lengthens the perception of subsequent event durations. This phenomenon implies the plasticity of duration perception and offers important clues for revealing the cognitive neural mechanism of duration perception. Duration aftereffect has received more and more attention in recent years. In this review, we introduce recent research advances in our understanding of duration aftereffect, especially with regards to its manifestations, origin, and cognitive neural mechanisms. We also propose possible directions for future research. In sum, we posit that studies on the duration aftereffect phenomenon are helpful in understanding general duration perception, and as such, should receive more attention in future.
Figural Aftereffect ; Humans ; Motion Perception ; Visual Perception

Multiple-pinhole (MPH) glasses are currently sold in many countries with unproven advertisements; however, their objective and subjective effects have not been investigated. Therefore, to investigate the effects of MPH glasses excluding the single-pinhole (SPH) effect, we compared the visual functional changes, reading speed, and ocular discomfort after reading caused by MPH and SPH glasses. Healthy 36 participants with a mean age of 33.1 years underwent examinations of pupil size, visual acuity (VA), depth of focus (DOF), and near point accommodation (NPA); tests for visual field (VF), contrast sensitivity (CS), stereopsis, and reading speed; and a survey of ocular discomfort after reading. Both types of pinhole glasses enlarged pupil diameter and improved VA, DOF, and NPA. However, CS, stereopsis, and VF parameters deteriorated. In comparison with SPH glasses, MPH glasses induced smaller pupil dilation (5.3 and 5.9 mm, P < 0.001) and showed better VF parameters with preserved peripheral VF. However, no significant difference was observed for VA, DOF, NPA, stereopsis, and CS. Reading speed using pinhole glasses was significantly slower than baseline; SPH glasses showed the slowest reading speed. Both types of glasses caused significant ocular discomfort after reading compared with baseline, and symptoms were worst with MPH glasses. In conclusion, both types of pinhole glasses had positive effects due to the pinhole effect; however, they had negative effects on VF, CS, stereopsis, reading speed, and ocular discomfort. In spite of the increased luminance and preserved peripheral VF with MPHs, these glasses caused more severe ocular discomfort than SPH glasses. This clinical trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02572544).
Contrast Sensitivity ; Depth Perception ; Eyeglasses* ; Glass* ; Pupil ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of stereopsis and contrast sensitivity on the quality of life and to evaluate the relationship between integrated binocular visual field (IVF) and binocular visual function in bilateral normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. METHODS: Stereopsis and contrast sensitivity tests were performed and compared among 44 NTG patients and 32 normal subjects. The IVF was integrated using the best location method. The correlation between visual function and subscales of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI VFQ-25) was evaluated using univariate linear regression. RESULTS: Stereopsis and contrast sensitivity for the bilateral NTG patients were decreased compared to the normal controls. Stereopsis and contrast sensitivity exhibited a significant correlation with social functions related to vision and color vision among subscales of NEI VFQ-25. IVF mean deviation (MD) and better eye MD showed a significant correlation with stereopsis and contrast sensitivity, while worse eye MD showed no association. CONCLUSIONS: Deterioration of stereopsis and contrast sensitivity in NTG patients affects their quality of life related to social functions and color vision. Both IVF and better eye MDs are correlated with stereopsis and contrast sensitivity in NTG patients.
Color Vision ; Contrast Sensitivity ; Depth Perception ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Low Tension Glaucoma* ; Methods ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Quality of Life* ; Telescopes* ; Visual Fields

In order to investigate the effect of head mounted display (HMD) on the human eye, the authors performed ophthalmologic examination on normal persons, dry eye patients and strabismus patients before and after use of Glastron, i-glasses, LGHMD(PT),LGHMD10 for two hours once or for five consecutive days, respectively. There were no substantial changes in visual acuity, color vision, intraocu-lar pressure, and tear secretion before and after use of HMD. There were transient changes in terms of corneal curvature, refraction, stereopsis, the angle of strabismus, and accommodation. There existed no difference according to the kinds of HMD. In conclusion, there was no permanent ocular changes with use of four kinds of HMD for two hours once or for five consecutive days.
Color Vision ; Depth Perception ; Head* ; Humans* ; Strabismus ; Tears ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To investigate horizontal image disparity in three-dimensional (3-D) perception using 3-D animations in normal control patients and patients with intermittent exotropia, anisometropic amblyopia, and partially accommodative esotropia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 133 subjects were included. Stereopsis was measured using the Titmus Stereo test (Stereo Optical Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and a 3-D stereopsis test with a 15 inch 3-D display laptop, adjusting 3-D parameters of 0 mm horizontal disparity to 15 mm horizontal disparity. RESULTS: When compared with normal controls, the average threshold of the 3-D stereopsis test was significantly reduced for esotropia patients (p<0.001) and for anisometric amblyopia patients (p<0.001), compared to normal controls. No significant difference was observed between normal controls and intermittent exotropia patients (p=0.082). The 3-D stereopsis test was correlated with the Titmus Stereo test (Spearman's rho=0.690, p<0.001). Mean difference in stereoacuity was 1.323 log seconds of arc (95% limits of agreement: 0.486 to 2.112), and 125 (92.5%) patients were within the limits of agreement. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that a 3-D stereopsis test with animation is highly correlated with the Titmus Stereo test; nevertheless, 3-D stereopsis with animations generates more image disparities than the conventional Titmus Stereo test. The 3-D stereopsis test is highly predictive for estimating real stereopsis in a 3-D movie theater.
Adult ; Aged ; Amblyopia/diagnosis ; Anisometropia/diagnosis ; *Depth Perception ; Esotropia/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/*instrumentation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Perceptual Disorders ; Software ; *Vision Disparity ; Vision, Binocular ; Visual Acuity/*physiology

Optic neuritis is one of the most important clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis. We experienced 2 cases of retrobulbar optic neuritis associated with multiple sclerosis. One was a 14-year-old female patient who presented with decreased visual acuity and visual field defect in right eye followed by paralysis of both lower extremities and the other was a 39-year-old female patient who presented with repeated paresthesia and motor weakness of upper and lower extremities then rapid decrease in visual acuity in both eyes. Both patients had relative afferent pupillary defect, color perception abnormality, variable visual field defect and abnormality in VEP. In fundus exam and fluorescene angiography, there was no specific abnormal finding. T2 weighted MRI showed multiple high signals corresponding to plaques. These two patients were diagnosed as multiple sclerosis. We should keep in mind that retrobulbar optic neuritis could be associated with multiple sclerosis as a presenting sign or as a manifestation during its clinical course.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Angiography ; Color Perception ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Multiple Sclerosis* ; Optic Neuritis* ; Paralysis ; Paresthesia ; Pupil Disorders ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

Dynamic color is an important carrier that takes information in some special occupations. However, up to the present, there are no available and objective tests to evaluate dynamic color processing. To investigate the characteristics of dynamic color processing, we adopted two patterns of visual stimulus called "onset-offset" which reflected static color stimuli and "sustained moving" without abrupt mode which reflected dynamic color stimuli to evoke event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in primary color amblyopia patients (abnormal group) and subjects with normal color recognition ability (normal group). ERPs were recorded by Neuroscan system. The results showed that in the normal group, ERPs in response to the dynamic red stimulus showed frontal positive amplitudes with a latency of about 180 ms, a negative peak at about 240 ms and a peak latency of the late positive potential (LPP) in a time window between 290 and 580 ms. In the abnormal group, ERPs in response to the dynamic red stimulus were fully lost and characterized by vanished amplitudes between 0 and 800 ms. No significant difference was noted in ERPs in response to the dynamic green and blue stimulus between the two groups (P>0.05). ERPs of the two groups in response to the static red, green and blue stimulus were not much different, showing a transient negative peak at about 170 ms and a peak latency of LPP in a time window between 350 and 650 ms. Our results first revealed that some subjects who were not identified as color blindness under static color recognition could not completely apperceive a sort of dynamic red stimulus by ERPs, which was called "dynamic red blindness". Furthermore, these results also indicated that low-frequency ERPs induced by "sustained moving" may be a good and new method to test dynamic color perception competence.
Adult ; Color Perception ; physiology ; Color Vision Defects ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Event-Related Potentials, P300 ; physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; physiology ; Young Adult

This study was for investigating relations between distributions of monoamines-norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine-on the visual system and their functions. Distributions of these monoamines in the lateral geniculate body, pulvinar, lateral posterior nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus were investigated. Brain of a squirrel monkey was removed and frozen sectioned. Immunocytochemical study was performed for the tissue of the brain. Results showed that the anterior part of the lateral geniculate body contained more monoamines than the posterior part. More serotonins were distrbuted at the magnocellular part, and more dopamines were found at the parvocellular part. In pulvinar, more norepinephrines were distributed at the medial part, while serotonins were evenly distributed at all parts. In lateral posterior nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus, three kinds of monoamines were distributed with high density. Among the three, density of the serotonin showed the highest value. The lateral geniculate body relates with visual perception such as visual acuity, form and color perception, and stereopsis, while the pulvinar relates with visual functions, such as visual attention, sensory integration, and differentiation. Since norepinephrine and serotonine are distributed with high density in the pulvinar than in the lateral geniculate body those two monoamines are expected to playa major role for visual functions. Inferior part of the pulvinar relates with visual imagination, and the lateral posterior nucleus relates with integration of visual sensory. Relatively high distribution of dopamine in these two parts means that dopamine may playa major role for visual imagination and integration. As suprachiasmatic nucleus relates with controlling biorhythm, dense distribution of monoamines in suprachiasmatic nucleus implies that the monoamines may work for controlling biorhythm.
Brain ; Color Perception ; Depth Perception ; Dopamine ; Geniculate Bodies ; Imagination ; Lateral Thalamic Nuclei ; Norepinephrine ; Periodicity ; Pulvinar ; Saimiri* ; Sciuridae* ; Serotonin ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Perception

PURPOSE: Our objective was to estimate the maximum color contrast sensitivity (MCCS) thresholds in individuals with chiasma opticum damage. METHODS: The pilot study tested 41 people with pituitary adenoma (PA) and 100 age- and gender-matched controls. Patients were divided into two groups according to PA size, PA ≤1 cm or PA >1 cm. A new MCCS test program was used for color discrimination. RESULTS: The mean total error score (TES) of MCCS was 1.8 in the PA ≤1 cm group (standard deviation [SD], 0.38), 3.5 in the PA >1 cm group (SD, 0.96), and 1.4 in the control group (SD, 0.31; p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between tumor size and MCCS result (r = 0.648, p < 0.01). In the group that had PA-producing hormones, the TES was 2.5 (SD, 1.09), compared to 4.2 value in the non-functioning PA group of patients that did not have clinically significant hormone excess (SD, 3.16; p < 0.01). In patients with normal visual acuity (VA) or visual field MCCS, the TES was 3.3 (SD, 1.8), while that in patients with VA <0.00 was 4.6 (SD, 2.9). CONCLUSIONS: Results of the MCCS test TES were 1.9 times better in patients with PA ≤1 cm compared to patients with PA >1 cm (p < 0.01). In PA patients with normal VA, the TES was 2.35 times worse than that of healthy persons (p < 0.01).
Adenoma/*complications/diagnosis ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Color Perception/physiology ; Color Perception Tests/*methods ; Contrast Sensitivity/*physiology ; *Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Optic Chiasm ; Pilot Projects ; Pituitary Neoplasms/*complications/diagnosis ; Time Factors ; Vision Disorders/*diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology ; Visual Fields ; Young Adult

A modified "cross-modal delayed response" paradigm was used to investigate whether the visual mismatch negativity can be elicited by cartoon facial expressions, and to define the mechanism underlying automatic processing of facial expressions. Subjects taking part in the tests were instructed to discriminate the type of the tones they heard as quickly and accurately as possible, and to act merely when they heard the response imperative signal. Neutral, happy and angry faces were presented during intervals between a tone and a response imperative signal. Visual mismatch negativity (VMMN) was obtained by subtracting the event - related potential (ERP) elicited by neutral faces from that elicited by happy faces or angry faces. The angry-related VMMN was more negative than happy-related VMMN, and both were more negative in the left than in the right cerebral hemisphere. The results indicated that VMMN can be elicited by the cartoon facial expressions, and the facial expressions can be processed automatically.
Adult ; Brain ; physiology ; Cartoons as Topic ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; physiology ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Visual Perception ; physiology ; Young Adult