The "reliability" of a subject's automated perimetric result is generally assessed by three measures: fixation loss, false positive and false negative rates. These reliability indicies were examined for 237 glaucomatous and ocular hypertensive eyes who for the first time underwent visual field testing (central 30-2 test on Humphrey visual field analyzer. Allergan Humphrey). Of the examination results, 11% of subjects were considered unreliable with the use of the manufacturer's reliability criteria. 71% of the unreliable results were due to failure to meet the criterion for fixation loss. The rest 29% were due to high false negative rates. After given reinstruction and more attention to fixation loss throughout the test by the technician, second visual field test was performed. On second examination, 82% of fixation loss and 71% of false negative rate was reduced.
Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

Central 30-2 threshold tests were performed in 124 eyes of 62 normal subjects with Humphrey Field Analyzer. The average value of foveal threshold, mean deviation(MD), pattern standard deviation(PSD), shor-term fluctuation(SF) and corrected pattern standard deviation(CPSD) were 34.3+/-2.6dB, -1.96+/-1.31dB, 2.25+/-0.88dB, 1.38+/-0.52dB and 1.41+/-1.10dB, respectively. The frequency of abnormal value on automated perimetry(p<5%) was 25.5% in foveal threshold and 19.1% in MD, which was higher than fundamental data of perimetry. As the age increased, foveal threshold decreased (r=-0.729), PSD and CPSD increased (r=0.422) and 0.385, respectively) ; these are statistically significant correlations(p<0.05). This study has the limitation that test was performed on single session and had small study group. Therefore, further study is needed with comparative analysis following repeated test and larger group of visual field examination.
Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields*

PURPOSE: To investigate Traquair's "hill of vision" of the normal Korean subjects in the photopic and mesopic background. METHODS: Automated perimetry was performed in 152 normal subjects using Humphrey 24-2 SITA standard (photopic background, n=100) and Octopus G1 full threshold (mesopic background, n=52) program. We calculated and compared the threshold sensitivity and sensitivity deviation of the visual field by the fashion of the superior/inferior hemi-field, temporal/nasal hemi-field, quadrant, and 5 degrees ring. RESULTS: In Humphrey, average mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) were -1.22+/-0.86 and 1.43+/-0.33 dB, respectively. In Octopus, average MD and PSD were -3.39+/-1.39 and 1.67+/-0.23 dB, respectively. In both Humphrey and Octopus, the average threshold sensitivity of the inferior hemi-field was slightly higher than that of the superior hemi-field. There was no significant difference between the nasal and temporal hemi-field. The sensitivity was decreased with increasing the eccentricity. In the deviation map of the Humphrey, there were no significant differences in the comparisons of the hemifield, quadrant, and 5 degrees ring. In Octopus, there were no significant differences in the comparisons of the hemifield and quadrant. However, the sensitivity deviation was peaked at the fixation point and decreased with increasing the eccentricity. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the normal Korean subjects may have lower sensitivity than the normal age-matched controls of the automated perimetry, especially in the Octopus perimetry. In addition, this study suggests that the shape of the Traquair's "hill of vision" in the normal Korean subjects might be similar to that of the normal age-matched controls in Humphrey perimetry which was performed in photopic background, but it might be flatter in Octopus perimetry which was performed in mesopic background.
Octopodiformes ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields*

We quantitatively analyzed the changes of the(retinal) threshold sensitivities between normal status and dilated emmetropic status, and between dilated emmetropic status and -1.0D induced myopic status. Three consecutive visual field examinations by Humphrey Field Analyzer C-30-2 threshold test and STATPAC program were performed in 36 eyes of 21 normal subjects who ranged in age from 23 to 40 years. The results were as follows: 1) There was a statistically significant decrease (0.87 +/- 0.91dB) in the mean threshold sensitivity within the central 30 degrees at the dilated emmetropic status(27.90dB) as compared with the normal status(28.77dB) (p=0.0001). 2) There was a statistically significant decrease(0.99 +/- 0.61dB) at -1.0D induced myopic status(26.91dB) as compared with the dilated emmetropic status(27.90dB) (p=0.0001). 3) After dilation, the mean threshold sensitivity between 20 and 30 degrees of field showed statistically significant decrease as compared with thosE' within the central 20 degrees of visual field(p<0.05). In case of -1.0D induced myopia, there were uniform decrease in the mean threshold sensitivities within the central 30 degrees of visual field(p>0.05). Therefore, we emphasize the importance of consistent pupillary size and correct refractive state in performing the serial automated visual field tests.
Myopia* ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

We compared the full threshold method, central 30-2 Humphrey perimetry with a newer strategy of SITA-standard.To valuate the clinical usefulness, 30 glaucoma patients and 20 normal persons underwent both tests. MD, PSD and test time were comparatively analyzed.In glaucoma patients, the mean test time was 7 min 37 sec[+/-1 min 54sec]for the SITA-standard, while it was 14 min 55 sec[+/-1 min 58 sec]for the full threshold method.The mean value of MD were -7.62 +/-7.93 and 8.85 +/-8.19, while PSD were 5.89 +/-4.24 and 6.50 +/-4.07, repectively. In normal persons group, the mean test time was 6 min 56 sec[+/-1 min 3sec]for the SITA-standard, while it was 14 min 1 sec[+/-1 min 24 sec]for full threshold method.The mean values of the MD were -2.41 +/-0.87 and 3.00 +/-1.31, while the mean values of the PSD were 2.04 +/-0.47, 2.12 +/-0.50, respectively. In conclusion, the SITA-standard did not show any significant differences in both MD and PSD.However, the test time was reduced 49%in glaucoma patients and 53%in normal persons.Therefore, the SITA-standard exhibited similar clinical significance on both glaucoma patient and glaucoma suspect.So it was an useful and effective test to reduce test time.
Glaucoma ; Humans ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields*

Dynamic strategy(DS) is a fast threshold algorithm for the Octopus 101 perimeter. To analyze the efficiency of DS, we compared the results of visual field measurements using DS and conventional normal strategy(NS). Subjects comprised 60 eyes of 30 normal individuals in the 3rd decade who has not experienced perimetry before. Program G2 was performed on all subjects at random and enough intervals between the two tests(more than 1 hour). Mean testing time was 1047.63+/-219.38 seconds in NS and 684.98+/-130.95 seconds in DS. Testing time reduction rate was 32.69+/-14.35% on average. Mean defect(MD) was 2.80+/-1.02dB, 2.15+/-0.94dB in the two strategies, respectively. Corrected loss variance(CLV) was 1.31+/-0.50dB2 and 1.03+/-0.61dB2 in each test. There was significant difference in MD and CLV statistically(P<0.01). Mean short term fluctuation(SF) was 1.38+/-0.49dB and 1.45+/-0.50 dB; mean reliability factor(RF) was 2.05+/-2.73% and 1.98+/-2.80% in the two strategies, respectively. There was no significant difference in SF and RF statistically(P>0.01). It took less time with DS than NS in Octopus 101 perimeter, but further study will be needed for clinical application of DS.
Octopodiformes* ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the inter-individual variability and normal limits of Humphrey SITA and Octopus TOP which were recently developed for shortening test time and decreasing the patient's fatigue. METHODS: Humphrey SITA and Octopus TOP tests were performed on 100 normal Korean subjects and their test results were analyzed. RESULTS: The average test duration was 294.02+/-29.61 seconds in SITA and 147.93+/-9.78 seconds in TOP. There was no significant difference between the two perimetric tests in MD (mean deviation), but PSD (pattern standard deviation) of TOP program was significantly higher than that of SITA (P< 0.01). Mean sensitivity of SITA was 30.15+/-1.00 dB and that of TOP was 26.79+/-1.11 dB, so mean sensitivity of SITA was about 3 dB higher than that of TOP. In topographical map, averaged threshold sensitivity decreased with the eccentricity in both perimetries. Topographically, SITA showed the more regularly increasing standard deviation of threshold sensitivity toward periphery of visual field, but TOP showed the irregular pattern of distribution of the standard deviation. Most of the subjects (88.8%) replied that they were more comfortable with the TOP than the SITA program because of the shorter test time. CONCLUSION: Inter-individual variability in the normal Korean subjects was smaller in Humphrey SITA than Octopus TOP program, but Octopus TOP had the advantage of shorter duration of the test and lower fatigue.
Fatigue ; Octopodiformes* ; Visual Field Tests* ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To evaluate diagnostic the usefulness of blind spot mapping in measuring ocular torsion changes and to investigate the correlations of inferior oblique muscle overaction (IOOA) and excyclotorsion measurements using fundus photographs and blind spot mapping in patients with secondary IOOA. METHODS: Eleven patients (12 eyes; IOOA group) diagnosed with secondary IOOA were evaluated for ocular movement, fundus photograph and Humphrey standard automated perimetry, and 10 patients (20 eyes; control group) were subjected to the same tests. An ocular movement examination was performed to evaluate IOOA, and fundus photograph and Humphrey standard automated perimetry were used to measure the ocular torsion. Inferior oblique myectomy or recession was performed along with horizontal strabismus surgery, and preoperative and postoperative IOOA and ocular torsion measurements were compared between the groups. RESULTS: In the IOOA group after surgery, the IOOA decreased from +2.42 ± 0.63 to +0.50 ± 0.52, the ocular torsion decreased from +14.15 ± 3.60° to +7.47 ± 1.65° (p < 0.001) on fundus photographs, and from +12.19 ± 1.62° to +9.69 ± 1.75° (p = 0.061) in Humphrey standard automated perimetry. The control group showed a mean ocular torsion of 7.44 ± 1.62° on fundus photographs and +7.24 ± 1.28° on Humphrey standard automated perimetry. CONCLUSIONS: The usefulness of blind spot mapping when the ocular torsion was measured in IOOA patients was considered low, due to the weak correlation between IOOA and extorsion; preoperative and postoperative ocular torsion amount values were not significantly different.
Humans ; Optic Disk* ; Strabismus ; Visual Field Tests

PURPOSE: To study the correlation between the Humphrey standard automated perimetry (SAP) and the Humphrey Matrix Frequency Doubling Technology (FDT) perimetry and diagnostic usefulness of the Humphrey Matrix FDT perimetry. METHODS: This study included 170 eyes of 170 patients. The 170 eyes were classified into 50 normal eyes, 20 ocular hypertensive eyes, 50 glaucoma-suspect eyes and 50 glaucomatous eyes. All subjects were examined with the Humphrey Matrix perimetry and the Humphrey standard automated perimetry. We studied the correlations between mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation(PSD) of the Humphrey SAP and those of the Humphrey Matrix perimetry, respectively, in each of the classified group. RESULTS: Overall, MD and PSD of the Humphrey SAP were significantly correlated with MD and PSD of the Humphrey Matrix perimetry, respectively. However, MD and PSD of the Humphrey Matrix perimetry were not showed a significant correlation in normal subjects (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, there were significant correlations between the MD and PSD of the SAP and those of the Humphrey Matrix perimetry in glaucoma, glaucoma-suspect and ocular hypertension. These finding suggests the Humphrey Matrix perimetry has performance characteristics similar to SAP and diagnostic value.
Glaucoma ; Humans ; Ocular Hypertension ; Visual Field Tests*

We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of Frequency doubling perimetry[FDP]with fourty-nine normal subjects and twenty-six patients of early glaucomatous field change. We regarded Humphrey field analyzer[HFA]30-2 GHT as gold standard. 'True positive 'was regarded as 'outside normal limit 'or P-value of MD or PSD below 0.05 at HFA, 'abnormal 'at FDP P-value of MD or PSD below 0.05. MD of early glaucoma was -5.4 decibel at HFA and -6.61 decibel at FDP, Sensitivity of early glaucoma was 96.1%with FDP and 84.6%with HFA;specificity, 89.7%with FDP and 83.6%with HFA. We could confirm FDP threshold test showed good sensitivity in detecting early glaucoma. Especially, use of PSD increased efficiency of the test.
Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity* ; Visual Field Tests*