An undifferentiated carcinoma (UC) of the gall bladder behaves aggressively and has a grave prognosis. Small cell type undifferentiated carcinoma of the gall bladder is a rare variant. This paper reports a case of UC of gall bladder with PAS-positive diastase-resistant eosinophilic hyaline globules present as liver mass (on imaging) in a male patient. The microscopic findings of the liver and gall bladder after a right tri-segmentectomy showed an un-differentiated malignant neoplasm composed of cells with round to oval nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and scanty neoplasm. No definite cell pattern was identified with these neoplastic cells. A section from the gall bladder revealed a tumor arising from the lining epithelium and infiltrating through the muscularis. This tumor was infiltrating the adherent liver tissue directly and forming a mass of undifferentiated malignant cells. The focal area within the tumor mass showed the presence of PAS-positive, diastase-resistant, eosinophilic hyaline globules within the neoplastic cells. The immunohistochemistry test was diffusely positive for perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and negative for chromogranin, vimentin, Desmin, alpha-fetoprotein, leukocyte common antigen, CD34, and bcl2. When the clinical and radiological data are inconclusive, careful analysis of the histological and immunophenotypic features is needed to make the final diagnosis of UC of the gall bladder. The biological behavior and prognosis of this tumor remain unclear because of its rarity. Further studies will be needed to understand the characteristics of this deadly tumor and to establish an effective therapy for it.

Posterior methods for cervical myelopathy include laminoplasty and laminectomy with/without fusion. A more recent innovation in these treatments is the use of an ultrasonic bone shaver for osteotomy. In this study, we examined the perioperative results after laminectomy/laminoplasty between conventional methods (rongeur/high-speed drill) vs. piezosurgery-based instruments. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed and the search was performed on four databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar). Seven comparative studies were chosen after thorough screening by the authors and a meta-analysis was performed between piezosurgery and conventional technique to ascertain intraoperative and postoperative results after laminectomy/laminoplasty. The analysis includes four retrospective cohort studies and three randomized controlled trials published between 2015 and 2022. The mean age ranged from 55.5 to 64.2 years. Blood loss was significantly reduced in the piezosurgery group, other findings were not significant. On subgroup analysis, laminoplasty dramatically reduced blood loss and the rate of iatrogenic dural rips in the piezosurgery group. The use of ultrasonic bone shaver for osteotomy in cervical spondylotic myelopathy is related to significantly decreased blood loss and no significant increase in postoperative drainage, operative time, complication rate, and functional outcomes as compared to traditional techniques. We noticed significantly reduced blood and rate of dural tears in the laminoplasty subgroup with the use of ultrasonic bone shaver, which was not mirrored in the laminectomy subgroup. Careful intraoperative handling of the instrument can help prevent iatrogenic dural tears and nerve damage.

Coronal malalignment (CM) has recently gained focus as a key predictor of functional outcomes in patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD). The kickstand rod technique has been described as a novel technique for CM correction using an accessory rod on the convex side of the deformity. This review aimed to evaluate the surgical technique and outcomes of corrective surgery using this technique. The literature search was conducted on three databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus). After reviewing the search results, six studies were shortlisted for data extraction and pooled analysis. Weighted means for surgical duration, length of stay, amount of coronal correction, and sagittal parameters were calculated. The studies included in the review were published between 2018 and 2023, with a total sample size of 97 patients. The mean age of the study cohort was 61.1 years, with female preponderance. The mean operative time was 333.6 minutes. The mean correction of CM was 5.1 cm (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6–6.6), the mean sagittal correction was 5.6 cm (95% CI, 4.1–7.1), and the mean change in lumbar lordosis was 17° (95% CI, 10.4–24.1). Preoperative coronal imbalance and mean correction achieved postoperatively were directly related with age. The reoperation rate was 13.2%. The kickstand rod technique compares favorably with conventional techniques such as asymmetric osteotomies in CM management. This technique provides an additional accessory rod that helps increase construct stiffness. Because of limited data, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from this review; however, this technique is a valuable tool for a surgeon dealing with ASD.

PURPOSE: Trauma-induced suppression of cellular immune function likely contributes to sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. T cell proliferation decreases after traumatic stress. The addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which depresses immune function after hemorrhage and trauma, to T-cells decreases T-cell proliferation; and hypertonic saline restores PGE2-induced T-cell suppression. Recently, it has become apparent that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a central role in several immune responses, including T-cell proliferation. However, the role of MIF in mediating hypertonic saline (HTS) restoration of T cell dysfunction is unknown. Therefore, we hypothesize that T cell immune restoration by HTS occurs, at least in part, by a MIF-mediated mechanism. METHODS: Jurkat cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute media, at a final concentration of 2.5 x 106 cell/mL. The effects of HTS on T-cell proliferation following PGE2-induced suppression were evaluated in Jurkat cells: HTS at 20 or 40 mmol/L above isotonicity was added. MIF levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis. RESULTS: PGE2 caused a 15.0% inhibition of Jurkat cell proliferation, as compared to the control. MIF levels decreased in PGE2-suppressed cells, as compared to the control. MIF levels were higher in cells treated with HTS than PGE2-stimulated cells. CONCLUSION: The role of HTS in restoring Jurkat cells proliferation suppressed by PGE2, at least in part, should be mediated through a MIF pathway.
Blotting, Western ; Cell Proliferation ; Dinoprostone ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypertonic Solutions ; Jurkat Cells ; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors ; Macrophages ; Multiple Organ Failure ; Negotiating ; Prostaglandins E ; Sepsis ; T-Lymphocytes